Vasovagal Syncope Essay -- Fainting Medical Health Essays

Vasovagal Syncope My best friend Dirk can easily be picked out of a crowd. His 67 stature, impressive heft mass, very blond hair, big blue eyes, and booming voice cause many people to stare at him-once, in Europe, a Japanese duplicate asked if they could take a picture of him. Addicted to weight lifting and athletics, my friend does not always enjoy admitting that he is a computer engineer-yes, my 22-year-old buddy is still horrified of the geek label. There is something else to which Dirk will not readily admit-he faints at the sight of blood. In fact, many things can trigger his fainting spells blood, vomit, overheating, etc. Dirk lives next door to my parents we grew up together. Recently, he and my sister ran over from his house to ours, which is a distance of about 50 feet. My sister had not worn shoes when they got to our house, they walked through two cortege before Dirk got dizzy. My sister had cut her foot, and the blood that had spread over the tile floor made D irk turn his head away, and sit down. My mother ran to the rescue-Dirks, not my sisters. She helped him schnorkel deeply, and luckily he avoided fainting. A few Christmases ago, Dirk caught a stomach virus. He made it to the bathroom just in time, but seconds after vomiting, he dribble to the floor, and blocked the door. His parents frantically tried to open the door, they tried to revive him by screaming for probably five minutes, which seemed like an eternity to them at the time. Eventually they resuscitate him. The summer before that Christmas, Dirk was golfing with his high schools golf team on a hot July afternoon. At the end of the course, he and his coach walked to the parking lot. solely of a sudden, Dirk toppled like a tree onto th... ...ncope. Perhaps more research will lead to more conclusive knowledge about the condition. Works Cited1)Med athletic supporter International, This website offers a forum for those with medical questions, allowing them to ask the advice of a physician.http//www.medhelp.org/forums/cardio/archive/5482.html2)London Cardiac Institute, This organization provides information to patients on several conditions. The patients are referred to the pages by their physicians.http//www.londoncardiac.ca/pages/vvs.htm3)Karen Yontz Womens Cardiac sense Center, Health Wise Physicians Corner provides information about several medical conditions.http//www.karenyontzcenter.org/healthwise/phys_corner/phys_cor_Berger.htm4)Tilt Table Testhttp//pwp.netcabo.pt/0413553701/tilt_eng.htm5)Health and Age http//www.healthandage.com/html/res/com/ConsHerbs/Licoricech.html

The Negative Impact of Narcotic Regulations on Long Term Care Patients

A family sits by their loved one in the last minute of arcs of his life, supporting him in his sequence of need. He has resided in a long-term care facility for the past two years. As his organs slowly shut down, his body succumbs to immense pain. He is sweaty, his brow is furrowed, and each time he is touched to be cared for he moans. The morphine doses prescribed to handle his pain are no longer effective.In order to provide this forbearing with the best care possible, his nurse tries to contact the physician. It is the weekend and the nurse is only able to page the on-call doctor. She anxiously awaits a return phone call, while explaining this office to his distressed family. The pain appears to be increasing. Twenty minutes later the physician calls her, and issues orders to increase the morphine doses. The nurse then contacts the pharmacy answering service and waits for the on-call chemist to return a call. In twenty more minutes the on-call pharmacist responds and informs t he nurse that he needs to directly speak with the physician before she corporation legally give the medication and that he will contact her after this has occurred. In the interim, the patient dies in immense pain and the family is distraught that his last hour was spent in agony. This situation is playing out time and time again in long-term care facilities all over the United States as a result of regulation DEA-337N that was reinterpreted by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) in January, 2010. The regulation states that a nurse has to be an agent of the prescribing physician to call in a narcotics prescription to a pharmacy (U.S. plane section of Justice, 2010). In theory, this new regulation makes sense to prevent illegal acquisition of narcotics, but it is potential... ...dents, DEA-337N requires immediate revision. Patients in the long-term care setting can experience inordinate amounts of pain while waiting for physicians to arrange the dispensing of narcotic medications ne cessary for pain control.ReferencesUnited States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. (2010). Title 21 code of federal regulations Washington, DC Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http//www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/index.htmlNursings social policy statement. (2010). Sliver Spring, MD American Nursing Association.Guido, G. (2010). intelligent and ethical issues in nursing. Upper Sadle River, NJ Pearson.Yukari, T, Noriko, M., & Okamoto, Y. (2010). Literature review of pain prevalence among older residents of nursing homes. Pain Management Nursing, 4(11), Retrieved from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/734065

Essay --

Kate ThomaPosition Paper In John Caputos book, What Would savior Deconstruct? Caputo discusses his views on the worlds actions and whether or not they are broody of what delivery boy wanted. Caputo believes that society is not just falling short of what Jesus wanted but in many cases failing entirely to follow Jesus orders. Caputo discusses several important issues including struggle and abortion. However, Caputo concludes that everyone, including devout Christians, need to realize the world is not living according to the teachings of Jesus.An important issue that Caputo discusses is wars. To be more accurate, the intellect of just wars. In Caputos opinion Jesus would hate that wars are happening throughout the world and find the idea of a just war as ludicrous. In fact, it is explained that the concept of a just war was not counterbalance created until four centuries after the death of Jesus in order for Christians to give power over Rome. As Caputo puts it, The only just war is the war against war (Caputo pg). Additionally, Caputo keeps mentioning this idea of a just war being justified as a lesser evil, but that does not make it just, so to speak. Caputo argues that if Jesus were to be considered a political thinker then Jesus would be a pacifist, as depicted in the New Testament. This means that under no circumstances would war be considered as an option to Jesus. Rather, every conflict would be settled through peaceful negotiations. Caputo goes even further explaining that if Jesus held political power in todays day and age, then the U.S. Department of demurs bud transmit would be nonexistent because there would be no need to fund their cause. However, the Christian Right continues to support the U.S. in going to war. Furthermo... ... against devising abortion illegal. The Christian Right are mostly opposed to increasing taxation, however if abortion were to be made illegal, then the government would need to get the money to pay for these childre n somehow. I also found it interesting that the reason Catholics restrict the use of birth control is due to a threat to the world that does not even exist anymore. It makes no sense for the Catholic Church to continue ruling out the use of contraception, especially because Jesus never even talked of this issue. However, that is the issue. Jesus never talked about the issue of abortion either. I must agree with Caputo though, Jesus would not be preaching against abortions but rather pickings in both perspectives and seeing the difficulty in the situation.Just like Caputo I find that much of society is not living by the rules Jesus told us to live by.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay -- Psychology, Mental Health

Everyone has experienced emotions such as anxiety, fear, and worry they are a part of everyday life. These reactions are normal and healthy they typically dont come too often, and when they do, they dont last very long. However, the United States Health and Human Services division (1998) estimates there is about 3.2 million Americans that suffer from a psychological anxiety disorder called obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Those who suffer from this condition have frequent touch and unreasonable thoughts, worries, or fears. The Harvard Mental Health Letter (1998) notes thatThe most common obsessional theme is cleanliness (dirt and germs), followed by aggression and sex, safety, and order or symmetry. Obsessions may pull in ones horns the form of doubts (has something happened to my child?) fears (something might happen to the child) images (I see the child drowning) or impulses (I fear that I am going to harm the child) (para. 13).In an attempt to check over these obsessional themes, they perform one or more ritualistic behaviors or mental acts called compulsions. Unfortunately, these behaviors only relieve the intrusive thoughts and feelings for a short time, before plan of attack back and ultimately, trapping those with this condition in a pattern of repetitive obsessions and senseless compulsions. Symptoms of OCD are numerous, they include Repeated touching, checking or counting avoidance or adherence to certain numbers excessive washing or cleaning and hoarding. Karno (1998) found that At some time during their lives, often during their late teens or twenties, 2 to 3 percent of people cross the line from normal preoccupations and fussiness to debilitating disorder (as cited in Myers, 2011, p. 463-464). Many individuals ... ... their thoughts to a point where they can condense behavioral therapy and live somewhat of a normal life (Kato, 1992).Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a difficult condition to overcome. A 40-year follow-up study of 144 Swedi sh people diagnosed with the disorder found that, for most, the obsessions and compulsions had gradually lessened, though only 1 in 5 had completely recovered (Skoog & Skoog, 1999) (as cited in Myers). It can take months or years, to get OCD beneath control and in fact, it may never go away. However, celebrities such as Howard Hughes, Howie Mandel, and David Beckham all suffer from this disorder, and are able to keep it under control and happen to maintain successful careers and live a relatively normal life. They are proof to the millions of OCD stricken Americans that the counting, the cleaning, the hoarding, can eventually be controlled.

Men, What Are We :: essays research papers

Men, what are we?Men, is described as a mammal, a vertebrates. Rabbit, cow, are excessively mammals but they follow a rule. They exist with the ecosystem in a unique balance, food web that is determined from producers to 1st order consumer, to 2nd . 1st orders cosmos the herbivore like rabbit. 2nd the predators, fox. Because of the food web the population of a species are well balanced. They now how and when to stop, in growth of a population. But men reject the term mammal. We cry havoc into the world of order and destroy anything that gets in our way. We seek riches and high society. We burn forest after forest, crippling the globe once rich, and full of life. Just to produce paper when it can be harvested using hash. To use the land for cattle for 3 year when it could of lived till turn back of the world it self. What are we? Over the history of time there is the losers and the winners. There have been wars, hatred of different colors of skin. This kind of behavior is seen in the apes, they involution to keep their stasis, show cruelty to others. But they never kill there own. They throw them into exile for a month and they can be reentered into the family. The ape (gorillas) is difficult to survive and give the best gene to the next line of youth. We also do that. But that doesnt explain the cruel behavior to unusual people. We are developed mostly with love, from our families and we hate. We altogether went though when we were bugged, and battered. Yet, when the time comes and the table has turned to another, we join and show cruelty. There is no animal that behaves like us. Men are trying to survive to, get good job, and give the beast for family. In nature more likely then less there is a born(p) instinct, instinct to eat, run, and swim up the river when time to lay eggs, and instinct to kill. No matter what there is an individual whom lived in a good family, good life, had all wanted and more. Loving family, and friends. Who become killers f or fun, mantle maybe. But most are described as natural born killer. The fact of natural born killer is still deviated, wither the gene can carry a killer, to they are good people but the nurture was bad.

Poliomyelitis Essay -- Communicable Diseases, Nursing

Brief summary of poliomyelitisThe purpose of this paper is identifying poliomyelitis which is a fecal-oral group transmitted disease worldwide and discussing health interventions to control and eliminate outbreaks and considering ethical dilemmas. The pathogen of poliomyelitis is poliovirus, an enterovirous that is transmitted by fecal-oral route through feces. Respiratory ambition occurs and the virus initially replicates in the oro-pharynx and then invades the gastrointestinal tract. It can be transmitted via fecal-oral, airborne, water-borne processes, and asymptomatic carrier. (WHO, 2009) Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic self-limited disease and haywire symptoms of combined fever, malaise, fatigue, nausea, headache, flu-like symptoms, stiff neck and back, and pain to severe fetal paralytic disease which may cause death from respiratory failure. Children under five days of age are most at risk. (WHO, 2010) Paralytic poliomyelitis produces muscles pain and affect s the lower part of body like the legs. Poliovirus incubates for five to thirty days and becomes communicable two days after disclosure and can remain communicable up to six weeks. Poliomyelitis can be diagnosis by clinical evaluation of viral cultures like spinal fluids, stool samples, throat swabs, and serum antibody levels. (Webber, R., 2010). Public health interventionsIn Unites States, poliomyelitis is not endemic therefore stock-still one case can become an epidemic. Geographically more than 125 countries remained polio-endemic in 1988. Overall global incidents have decreased by 99% since 1988. surrounded by 2009 and 2010 twenty three poliomyelitis free countries were re-infected due to imported virus. The countries of Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Paki... ...rol A global perspective (3rded) Cambridge, MA CABI publishingWorld Health Organization - slickness definition for the four diseases requiring notification in all circumstances under the International Health Regulat ion (2005). Retrieved from http//www.who.int/ihr/Case_Definitions.pdf POLIOMYELITIS Report Immediately Retrieved from health.utah.gov/epi/diseases/polio/ syllabus/PolioPlan061510.pdfThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) studied the illness and death rates before and after widespread implementation of national vaccine recommendations (in place before 2005) for 13 vaccine-preventable diseases diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella (including congenital rubella syndrome), invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), acute hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella (chickenpox), Streptococcus pneumoniae and smallpox.

Poliomyelitis Essay -- Communicable Diseases, Nursing

Brief summary of poliomyelitisThe purpose of this paper is identifying poliomyelitis which is a fecal-oral group communicable disease worldwide and discussing health interventions to control and eliminate outbreaks and considering ethical dilemmas. The pathogen of poliomyelitis is poliovirus, an enterovirous that is transmitted by fecal-oral route through feces. Respiratory inhalation occurs and the virus initi completelyy replicates in the oro-pharynx and then invades the gastrointestinal tract. It freighter be transmitted via fecal-oral, airborne, water-borne processes, and asymptomatic carrier. (WHO, 2009) Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic self-limited disease and mild symptoms of combined fever, malaise, fatigue, nausea, headache, flu-like symptoms, stiff neck and back, and pain to heartbreaking fetal paralytic disease which may cause death from respiratory failure. Children under five years of age are most at risk. (WHO, 2010) paralyzed poliomyelitis produces mu scles pain and affects the lower part of body like the legs. Poliovirus incubates for five to thirty days and becomes communicable two days after disclosure and can remain communicable up to six weeks. Poliomyelitis can be diagnosis by clinical evaluation of viral cultures like spinal fluids, bum samples, throat swabs, and serum antibody levels. (Webber, R., 2010). Public health interventionsIn Unites States, poliomyelitis is not endemic therefore even one case can become an epidemic. geographically more than 125 countries remained polio-endemic in 1988. Overall global incidents have decreased by 99% since 1988. Between 2009 and 2010 twenty three poliomyelitis free countries were re-infected repayable to imported virus. The countries of Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Paki... ...rol A global perspective (3rded) Cambridge, MA CABI publishingWorld Health Organization - Case definition for the four diseases requiring notification in all circumstances under the International Health R egulation (2005). Retrieved from http//www.who.int/ihr/Case_Definitions.pdf POLIOMYELITIS Report Immediately Retrieved from health.utah.gov/epi/diseases/polio/plan/PolioPlan061510.pdfThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) studied the indisposition and death rates before and after widespread implementation of national vaccine recommendations (in place before 2005) for 13 vaccine-preventable diseases diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella (including congenital rubella syndrome), invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), acute hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella (chickenpox), Streptococcus pneumoniae and smallpox.

Are monopolies necessarily less efficient than perfect competition Essay

This essay will look at efficiency between both a monopoly and a pure(a) arguing, and whether a monopoly is inescapably less good than perfect disceptation. Using diagrams and equations reflecting the optimal choice of takings, marginal revenue and marginal approach for monopolies, I will explain how efficiency is touch by humiliated takes of production. At the same time monopolies can increase efficiency due to their ability in scathe discrimination, they price people otherwise and so people pay what they truly believe the good is worth.There needs to be a clear description of the differences between monopoly and perfect competition as well as efficiency an analysis of deadweight loss and natural monopoly is also important with regards to the monopolies efficiency. so even though a competitive scrimping is efficient and a monopoly suffers from certain inefficient aims of production it is not necessarily less efficient than perfect competition. A monopoly is a single supplier in spite of appearance a grocery store that chooses to fulfil at any mind on the mart demand curve they appear when other firms find it un cyberspaceable or impossible to enter a market.The market becomes affected by high barriers to entry, which atomic number 18 split into technical and legal barriers. Technical barriers are created when the production of a good produces decreasing marginal and average costs over a wide range of yield levels in this situation, large scale firms are low cost producers. Another technical barrier to monopolies is their ability to discover a low cost production technique and having ownership over productive resources therefore preventing the formation of other firms.Legal barriers occur when a monopoly is created by the government as a matter of law, there is the creation of a patent that completelyows the unrivaled firm to use the basic technology for a product. Varian describes how monopolies arise within his writings, he states th at monopolies develop when the minimum efficient scale is large relative to the size of it of the market, indeed the industry becomes a candidate for regulation or other forms of government intervention. A second way a monopoly may arise is when a number of different firms in an industry collude and restrict output in order to raise prices and therefore increase their profits.This form of industry is referred to as a cartel (Varian, 1996, p. 418-419). From this we can see that if demand is large relative to the MES (minimum efficient scale) a competitive market will arise, if it is small, a monopoly structure is possible. This is influences by both the technological level and economic policy influencing the size of the market. Before we analyse the efficiency of monopolies in comparison to perfect competition, it is necessary to set the fanny of measurement for both the monopolies and perfectly competitive firms.This is set out in the First Theorem of eudaimonia Economics which explains the relationship between perfect competition and the efficient storage parceling of resources. Attaining a Pareto efficient allocation of resources requires that the rate of trade slay between any two goods should be the same for all economic agents. In a perfectly competitive economy, the ratio of the price of integrity good to another provides the common rate of trade off to which all agents will adjust. Because all agents face the same prices, all trade off rates will be fair to middlingised and an efficient allocation will be achieved (Snyder and Nicholson, 2005, p.471). Varian however states that the First Theorem of Welfare Economics says nothing about the dissemination of economic benefits market equilibrium might not be a just allocation (Varian, 1996, p. 510-511). Therefore in essence the Theorem states that a competitive economy is efficient, if a monopolist behaves non-competitively accordingly he is behaving inefficiently. It is seen that monopolies creat e a Pareto inefficient level of production, relative to perfect competition monopoly involves a loss of consumer surplus for demanders.Some of this is transferred into monopoly profits, whereas some of the loss in consumer surplus represents a deadweight loss of overall economic welfare. Snyder and Nicholson describe Pareto efficient allocation as an allocation of resources, where it is not possible through further reallocations to make one person better off without making someone else worse off (Snyder and Nicholson, 2005, p. 467). Varian further explains that a competitive industry steers where price equals marginal cost, while a monopolised industry operates where price is greater than marginal cost therefore a higher(prenominal) price creates a lower output (Varian, 1996, p.411-412). picFrom the diagram above we can see that if we get the firm to behave as a contest and take the market price as being set exogenously. Then we would have (Pc, Yc) for competitive price and output . If the firm recognised its influence on the market price and chose its level of output so as to maximise profits, we would see monopoly price and output (Pm, Ym). Since P(y) is greater than MC(y) for all the output levels between Ym and Yc, there is a whole range of output where people are willing to pay more for a unit of output than it costs to produce it.Clearly there is potential for Pareto improvement (Varian, 1996, p. 412-413). A measure of efficiency can be produced by analysing the full surplus for a given market this is seen by subtracting the total cost from gross consumption benefits. The higher the level of total surplus the more efficient production becomes. If perfect competition leads to an efficient output level and a monopoly leads to less output then perfect competition, it must therefore be less efficient since the monopolist produces less than the total surplus tap level of output.Areas B and C represent the deadweight loss of a monopoly. As we move from the monopoly level of output to the competitive level of output we sum up the distances between the demand curve and the marginal cost curve to generate the value of the lost output due to the monopoly behaviour (Varian, 1996, p. 414-415). The loss arises because consumer gain from change magnitude output is larger then marginal cost but monopolies are not able to produce more. The output produced by a monopoly may not be the only thing brought up into question quality is also an important factor regarding the efficiency of a monopoly.Whether a monopoly produces a higher or lower quality good than would be produced under competition depends on demand and the firms costs. The difference between the quality choice of a competitive industry and the monopolist is that the monopolist looks at the marginal valuation of one more unit of quality assuming that output is at its profit maximising level. The competitive industry looks at the marginal value of quality averaged across all output lev els. Even if they were to both opt for the same output level, their quality preferences may be different.John Jewkes gives an explanation of the grounds upon which a single producer monopoly would defend its cause. The case was raised by the British type O Company Ltd, which produced four points for its protection. The monopoly itself was achieved purely as a result of efficiency the monopoly supply within the industry is more efficient than any other arrangement. With metropolis equipment being extremely costly and transport charges high, there would either be a duplication of equipment keeping costs up or there would be many local monopolies catering for local markets.The company had kept its prices and profits without exploiting its monopoly position, as well as keeping a strong record in research and technical progress. In this case the commission discovered that the monopoly was using its position to charge higher prices, however they accepted that there might be technical adv antages in the creation of monopolies (Jewkes, 1958, p. 16-17). It seems as though there will need to be a form of regulation so as to create monopolies which keep to the efficient level of production.Technically all the regulator has to do is set price equal to marginal cost, and profit maximisation will do the rest. However, this analysis leaves out the fact that it may be that the monopolist would make negative profits at such a price. pic Here the minimum point of the average cost curve is to the right of the demand curve, and the intersection of demand and marginal cost lies underneath the average cost curve. Even though the level of output Ymc is efficient, it is not profitable. The natural monopolist will be unable to cover its costs and therefore run out of business.If the government was to regulate it then a point such as (Pac, Yac) would be a natural operating position. Here the firm is selling its product at the average cost of production, so it covers its costs, but it i s producing too little output relative to the efficient level of output. The government may interfere and operate the natural monopoly, they let it operate where price equals marginal cost and provide a subsidy to keep the firm in operation however it may be viewed that subsidies represent inefficiency (Varian, 1996, p. 416-418).Governments much choose to regulate natural monopolies which can affect the behaviour of regulated firms and may not necessarily lead to an efficient outcome. The idea that competitive pressures produce maximum technical efficiency may not necessarily be true competition does not guarantee that inefficiency will not arise. The assumptions that surround perfect competition and their production of maximum technical efficiency include firms maximising profits, they have complete knowledge of available techniques and associated costs and that there is free entry.The beginning(a) two assumptions apply to monopolies and perfect competition, the final assumption states that free entry guarantees maximum technical efficiency. However at best free entry guarantees a higher level of efficiency this is because it eliminates inefficient firms. It is not a suitable explanation for superior efficiency, since there may be other sources of efficiency, including scale economies which spare monopolies (Schwartzman, 1973, p. 759-762). There can be greater efficiency from a monopoly if we were to take price discrimination into account.Price discrimination is the practise whereby different buyers are charged different prices for the same good. It is a practise which cannot prevail in a competitive market because of arbitrage those offered lower prices would resell to those offered higher prices and so a seller would not gain from discrimination. Its existence therefore suggests imperfections of competition (Gravelle and Rees, 1992, p. 274). A monopoly engages in price discrimination if it is able to sell otherwise identical units of output at different prices.If the firm is able to identify and dispel each buyer, they may be able to charge each buyer the maximum price they would be willing to pay for each good this is referred to as perfect or first degree price discrimination which extracts all consumer surpluses and creates no deadweight loss. In first degree price discrimination the monopolist can extract all the consumer surplus of each buyer. Total output of the good is at the level at which each buyer pays a price equal to marginal cost thus we have the competitive outcome.Monopoly does not distort the allocation of resources, and so we have a Pareto efficient outcome, with the monopolist receiving all the gains from trade. Any objection to monopoly would therefore have to be on the grounds of equity, fairness of the income distribution rather than efficiency (Gravelle and Rees, 1992, p. 276). It is evident that price discrimination produces a more efficient outcome since buyers are paying the amount which they believe the good is worth. If one buyer wants the good more then another then he should be willing to pay more for it.It is extremely difficult for a monopoly to separate each individual buyer a less stringent requirement would be to assume that the monopoly can separate its buyers into a few identifiable markets. This ternion degree price discrimination requires the monopoly to know the price elasticitys of demand for each market, and set price according to the inverse elasticity rule. MC= (a) (b) We let ei and ej be the price elasticitys of demand in the respective sub markets, equation (b) therefore comes out of a re-arrangement of equation (a).If ei=ej, then clearly there will be no discrimination, but there will be as long as the elasticitys are unequal at the profit maximising point. We can see that in maximising profit the monopolist will always set a higher price in the market with the lower elasticity of demand (Gravelle and Rees, 1992, p. 274-275). All the monopolist needs to know i s the price elasticity of demand for each market and set price according to the inverse elasticity rule. In conclusion it is evident that monopolies create inefficiency due to the low output levels which they produce at.A monopoly produces at a level where price is greater then marginal cost and therefore its output is reduced, in comparison to perfect competition where price is equal to marginal cost. Taking regulation into account still means that a monopoly is inefficient since it is being supported by subsidies from the government. However perfect competition is not necessarily more efficient then a monopoly firm, when looking at the basic assumptions of perfect competition in terms of efficiency, we can see that a difference arises due to free entry within the market.It is easy to assume that just because there is free entry it means that firms are forced to reach their highest point of efficiency, there is an increase however the maximum is not guaranteed. At the same time if a monopoly price discriminates it can achieve strong levels of efficiency. Therefore a monopolist is not necessarily less efficient than firms within perfect competition. C B Pm Pc Ym Yc MR Demand MC output Price AC MC Demand Output Price Pac Pmc Yac Ymc Losses to the firm from marginal cost pricing pic pic.

How does Alton Towers Monitor Customer Service Essay

Alton towers is an industry that offers products and services that argon similar to its competitors, they need to continually monitor and asses their levels of customer service, and improve atomic number 18as so that they sens exceed customer expectations. To afford a high level of customer service the organisation first needs to identify its aims and objectives this superpower inject in the form of a mission statement.Alton towers mission statement is we create magic moments this appeals to quite a little of all ages, and different groups of people, what people look for when they go to Alton towers. like many other businesses and services it is vital to keep customers happy regardless weather they are old or new, this will encourage them to revisit the attraction. passel from different back grounds and agesPrice or value for notesAlton towers costs 23.00 for one adult ticket, so when you purchase the ticket you expect to father value for money which is different for differe nt people, one persons value for money might be fun for the whole family (adults, children and teenagers) another persons value for money might be to visit every ride in the theme park twice.So Alton towers needs to take in consideration that everyones value for money is different but cannot lower there prices to low due to competitive organisations and the annual funding needed to keep the park open, so what Alton towers have do is printed off booklets informing people of the prices and opening times of the theme park, height restrictions on rides seasonal times (the time of year that the park is most popular) online data and website from this booklet people can see.When to visit, what time to visit, how much they are going to pay and what rides they can/cant go on and see if Alton towers offers reveal value for money than Drayton manor park.Consistency and accuracy of the parkIf customer receive a good amount of customer service while at Alton towers and this continues each tim e it encourages people to revisit again and again, Alton towers is forever trying to improve its standard of customer service and rides to make it more(prenominal) enjoyable for people, they are now trying to improve the waiting lines so that rides are easier to access and the lines go down quicker.AccessibilityAlton towers have a very good handiness due to the high amounts of people arriving and departing from the park. Alton towers has increased there car parks so that they can now hold up to 50,000 vehicles a day if the accessibility is bad then customers will assume that it is like this all around the park, there are also ramps to help people who cannot walk up locomote or are in a wheelchair, rides also let wheel chair users access the ride from the exits which are also ramped so that access is more easier.ReliabilityIf Alton towers is unreliable then people are influenced to try another theme park. But Alton towers is not unreliable this is what attracts customers to come back, they keep there mesh and brochures up-to-date and let customers know what is going on around the park this is reliable because if they where closed one day and they didnt advertise it lots of people would still turn up at the theme park expecting to run low in.StaffAt Alton towers they employ the best staff that are trained to circle with the high expected levels of customer service, staff all where a uniform this to ensure that they remain bully and recognized Alton towers also employs over 1500 members of staff and they are all divided to work over different areas of the park to help with customersIn busy periods e.g. over the summer Alton towers employs more casual staff that can handle high amounts of customers and that can deal with them in an appropriate mannerHealth and safetyIf the health and safety of the park is poor the customers will not visit again but if the high standards are noticeable then they will enjoy there visit a lot more, at Alton towers rides have regular maintenance checks and are run in the morning before the park opens to ensure that there are no faults.Cleanliness and hygieneThe cleanliness and hygiene standards of Alton towers is substantive if the park looks unclean this gives a really bad first impression when the customer see it , the park has been given hundreds of bins, there are also designated pack pickers that patrol the park every 15 minutes, toilets that are all around the park are monitored every 40 minutes to ensure they remain clean and tidy.EnjoymentThe main objective at Alton towers is to make everyones day (who visits the park) is to make is as enjoyable as possible, they do this by trying to get lines and queues down as quick as possible, offering people fast track system so the can skip the queues, more fast forage restaurants are being introduced this will help to the long queues that

link between strategies Essay

The seam is shaping to be highly unpredictable, challenging and innovative by the passing day. Organizations face interlinking purlieu for which they need to formulate complex and full proof strategies to ensure matched advantage, profit maximization and cost minimization, for which they need to adapt strategic getes, theories and models. However, the role of theory is not always world-shaking in scrutinizing the human resource(HR) strategy and the strategic plans. However, depending on the organizational strategy, HR strategies prat be matched. This critique thoroughly discusses the linkages between Business strategies and the kind imagery Management (HRM) and their relevance in the dynamic environment.Strategic management is defined as the set of managerial closes and actions that determine the long run performance of a corporation.(Hills and Jones,2001) Moreover, strategy is an action a company takes to attain superior performance.(Wheelan and Hunger, 1995) Strategic hu man resource management is the mould of linking HR practices to business strategy(Ulrich,1997) To fend for the hierarchy in the market, organizations need to constantly formulate strategies to meet the customer requirements. There are various theories that have been formulated for firms to manage complex and tough environment. These theories are broken down into two models internal model which embarrasss the Resource Based View ( RBV) and external based model formulated by Whittington (2001) which intromit Classical, Evolutionary, Processual and Systemic approaches.Due to the increasing value and appreciation of individuals as one of the major competitive advantage for organizations, there have been strong efforts to develop HRM. Beer et al suggest that An organizations HRM policies and practices must fit with its strategy in its competitive environment and with the immediate business conditions that it faces (Beer et al., 1984, p. 25). This is accomplished by applying differen t strategies which include two main models namely Best practice or Universalism and Best Fit or contingency or Matching model. Strategic integrating is used as one of the means to explore possible links between different approaches to strategy and HRM. So far, it has been recognized as a bipartizan do,where HRM informs the nature of organizational strategy as well as being informed by it that is full integration. Alternatively, it may be a one- way help where organizational strategy informs HRM without being informed by it in any intended or planned way that is partial integration .(Millmore et al, 2007)Classical approach follows clear, rational, deliberate, linear, logical, and top-down approach to formulating strategy. (Millmore et. al, 2007) match to Sloan(1963), The long term aim of the approach is clearly profit maximization. For this approach, classicists choose best fit strategy and create a match between organizations internal resources and the opportunities available i n the external environment to achieve competitive advantage its main goal. However, since the approach is subjective, the process of strategy development is affected by political, cultural and capability factors which need a complex model that clearly suggest the relationship between strategy making and HRM to represent such linkages in reality. (Millmore et. al, 2007)Looking at evolutionary approach, markets are highly unpredictable and hence the role of this strategy is to respond to the environment for survival and profit. To state an example, Sony released over 100 different versions of portable cassette player in 1980s and allowed the market to decide which would survive and removed the rest as a result of market failure.( Richard Whittington, 2007) Such conditions lead to strategic conservatism, where organizational efforts are focused on the basics of production, to minimize costs, sought operating efficiency, compel tight control and performance monitoring.Therefore, this s trategy stresses on environmental determinism due to which, matching model is deemed to be most appropriate for such organizations. It is believed that this approach faeces be seen as strategically integrated only in relation to the strategic imperative to control costs. SHRM requires a wider remit where emphasis is placed on underdeveloped and integrating the human side as opposed to the resource utilisation aspect.( Storey, 1989)Processual approach emphasizes strategy making as an adaptive and emergentprocess driven by organizational learning . It is believed that decision- makers lack the ability to act with pure reason and only a few factors affecting a decision can be dealt with, this limitation of human cognition is known as bounded rationality. ( Simon, 1991) The actual scenario of the market is unpredictable and hence managers develop imperfect representations of composite world which helps strategists to trouble shoot problems and aim on sufficient profit rather than max imizing profit. Mintzberg(1979) believes that the development of emergent strategies in organizations is based on learning. This necessarily to be recognized and supported through HR strategies.Systemic approach recognizes that strategy and strategy making will be affected by the fond and cultural system within which this occurs. To state an example, multinational organizations need to be aware of the cultural system in the host country to formulate doable organizational strategies. This suggests that HR strategy and its integration into organizational strategy will vary, underpinned by societal values. Another example mentioned by Whittington, tells us about the serial publication of conglomerates developed in South Korea which characterized small and family owned businesses nearby Taiwan. This suggests that HR strategy need to be conceived and integrated into Organizational strategy to avoid non conceptualization of HRM.Resource- based view is popularly associated with the work of Prahalad and Hamel( 1994). They argue that competitive advantage stems, from building core competencies which are superior to those of rivals, over a long run. In a nutshell, they assert that it is a firms ability to learn faster and apply its learning more effectively than its rivals, which gives it competitive advantage. Different types of link have been set between RBV and HRM. To start with, Resource Based Theory (RBT) sees resources and capabilities as the principal source of competitive advantage, which gives HR a central position to realize this.According to RBT, capabilities need to be built or developed rather than being bought.( Teece et al.1997) Therefore the management seeks to improve the utilization of an existing capabilities , particularly in a situation of rapid change. Another linkbetween HRM and RBT is related to the potential contribution of human resource policies or strategies.HR strategies are important in developing an organisations capabilities.HR pract ices related to recruitment and selection, managing performance, training and development and reward can be designed to attract, develop and retain high quality employees.Hence, it can be concluded that the linkages completely depend on the organization size, social and culture and the dynamic environment. It is seen that the resources need to strategically formulated to enhance organizational capabilities and competitive advantage of the firm. Indeed there are no clear linkages but the performance and effects are visible if not accomplished.REFERENCESBeer M, Sector B, Lawrence, P, Quinn M.D., Walton R, (1984), Managing Human Assets, tender York The free press Hamel, G., & C. K. Prahalad (1994), Competing for the Future, Boston, MA Harvard,Business School Press. Hill, C, Jones, G. (2001), Strategic Management An integrated Approach (5th ed), Boston, M.A. Houghton Mifflin. Mintzberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organizations A Synthesis of Research. Prentice Hall, Englewood.Mortim er, D & Ingersoll, L 2009, Human Resource and Industrial Relations Strategy, Pearson Australia. Simon, H, A,1991, Bounded rationality and Organizational Learning Organization Science, Vol 2, Iss 1,March 1991, pp 125-134. Last viewed on 24th August 2013. Sloan,A.(1963),My Years with General Motors.London,Sedgewick and Jackson. Storey, J (1989) From personnel management to human resource management ed Storey J. New perspective on human resource management, London Routledge. Teece, D., G. Pisano, and A. Shuen (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, 18, pp. 509-533. Ulrich, D. (1997), Human Resource Champions The Next Agenda for Adding Value and Delivering Results, Boston Harvard Business School Press Wheelan, T. L., Hunger, J.D. (1995), Strategic Management and Business policy, 5th ed, Reading Addison Wesley Longman. Whittington, R (2007), Theories of Strategy, Strategy for business a reader, The Open University, SagePublications, in Maz zucato, M 2002.

Person-Centered Therapy Essay

Person-Centered Therapy is a form of psychoanalytical counseling developed in the 1940s by Carl Rogers. The foundation of this form of therapy stemmed from Rogers belief that each people have an inherent desire to be good. Every person has a self-concept or an ideal self which represents what type of person they want to be or think they are. However, a persons self-concept may not be reflected in their real life experiences and this incongruence creates psychological stress. Rogers main goal is to take the client to explore where their incongruences are rooted and have the clients decide for themselves how to change their behaviors to fit their self-concept. Though the client may reflect on past experiences, Person-Centered Therapy foc drops on the clients current feelings and their current perceived self-worth. The ideal end result of this type of therapy is that the client experiences self-actualization through positive self-acceptance and personal growth.In Person-Centered Ther apy the consanguinity between the client and counselor is crucial to eliciting any progress in the client. The counselor must provide an environment in which the client can divulge their deepest feelings comfortably and safely. This establishes trust in the relationship and allows the client to further explore their thoughts. The main components to Rogers theory is that the therapist must have unconditional positive discover for the client and must be able to empathize with them genuinely. To do this, the therapist should focus on the clients positive attributes. Constant positive funding given sincerely makes the client feel secure and supported and they pull up stakes feel more comfortable speaking about their issues. This increases the likelihood that the client will attempt to make a change in their life. A second key element in Person-Centered Therapy is that it is non-directive therapy. The counselor does not try to direct the client in any particular direction, but lets the client lead the discussion in their own direction. The counselor must allow the client to do so and encourage them to continue to explore that direction. This way, when the client does decide to make a change in his/her life, it is done on their own terms. That is the most important sign of this type of counseling.In terms of the Helping Skills Model, Person-Centered Therapy focuses primarily on the Exploration comprise. Rogers theory is based on the same principles that define the Exploration Stage. The Exploration Stage is a time where the therapist and client develop a rapport and where the therapist really learns about the clients behavior and personality. The establishment of a trusting relationship between the therapist and client is the goal of the Exploration Stage and is critical for the Person-Centered Therapy theory to be effective. This type of therapy relies heavily on the use of restatements and open-ended questions to encourage the client to open up about their thoughts and emotions. The Exploration Stage and this type of therapy focus on mainly on the clients as they do most of the speaking.Person-Centered Therapy has its strengths and weaknesses/limitations. One important feature of this type of therapy is that the client does not become dependent on the therapist. If the therapy is done correctly, the client will become to clear up that he/she is capable of changing his/her life on their own. This type of therapy empowers the client to take control of their issues and solve them independently and in favor of their own desires. other strength of this type of therapy is that once the client realizes his/her full potential and has gained a high level of self-understanding, the take up for therapy is no longer there. They can now go out into the world feeling confident about overcoming any future obstacles.A limitation for this theory of therapy is that it may seem too simple. The theory at its core basically says if someone is in a safe , unprejudiced environment and speak their thoughts to an empathizing person, they will solve their own issues. This means anybody can do this and no real professional is needed. Another limitation is that there is no direction given for clients who cannot come up with their own solutions. This can be very thwart for both the therapist and client because there is no progress being made. If a client is not capable of realizing his/her own potential and recognize the changes that need to be in their life, there is nothing the counselor can really do without jeopardizing the high level of client autonomy this type of therapy allows.ReferencesHill, C. E. (2009). Helping Skills Facilitating exploration, insight, and action. (3rd ed.) Washington, DC American Psychological Association.Rogers, C. R. (1992). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 827-832. (Original article published 1957).