Provide support to maintain and develop skills for everyday life Essay Example for Free

Provide support to affirm and develop skills for everyday life proveSkills for everyday life allow people to do the things that meet their daily needs. These are also known as activities of daily living that have a direct affect on any individualists health and well-being. It is often thought that burster workers look after people by doing things for them. another(prenominal) approach is to do things with people. Today care workers should work in partnership with individuals and groups of individuals. Partnership is about working together as equals in order to -Support the individual to make as many decisions about their care as possible -Support the individual to do as much for themselves as possible. Activities of daily living skills that at one time affect an individuals everyday health and well- being Partnership working together as equals. Working in partnership can maintain and develop individual skills . Care workers can still involve the individual even when doing things for them. They consider individual needs when maintaining skills for everyday life. Doing things for individualsProviding too much care can make peoples problems worse Individuals can lose skills they once used Individuals do not learn new skills-Individuals do not regain skills they have lost.Read moreOutline Agreed Ways of Working That Relate to Managing Pain and DiscomfortAt different stages of life individuals cogency have different health problems that affect their skills for everyday life.Being aware of the activities of daily living helps care workers understand the problems that individuals might have. Problems with everyday living skills-Physical health ( vox populi unwell such as with a fever leads to tiredness and inability to carry on with the usual activities of daily living.-Learning disabilities (An individual with learning disabilities might defecate longer to learn new everyday skills)-Mental health (An individual with mental health problems might neglect themselves so they do not eat and drink) stack may not be strong enough to dress themselves or prepare their own meals. -Physical disability (Some physical disabilities prevent individualsgoing shopping unsupported) -Social isolation (An individual who is lonely is less likely to communicate with others) Care workers can develop their understanding of an individuals condition and how best to work in partnership to maintain, regain and develop their skills.If a condition prevents an individual from using skills of everyday life, the result can have a significant impact on the persons quality of life. The effect of conditions on everyday skills-Pain-Inconvenience-Isolation-Humiliation-Distress-Discomfort

Self-Esteem, Control and Well-Being in Obesity

Self- view, reserve and Well-Being in fleshinessObesity in the UK individual caper or dry landal plague? entryLevels of corpulency be on the rise in the UK and succeeding calls from doctors and other wellness professionals, the establish division forcet has pledged to fight fleshiness with promises to help British participation to fight the problem on a play of levels. Predictions ar that in 2010 al around ace triplet of adults al commencement for be grave (Lean et al., 2006), and the fleshiness epidemic, which is streamlet prohibited of control could believerupt the health service (Haslam et al., 2006) adding to the calls for something to be d one(a) ab start the problem. Tony Blair has offered to decl ar one egotism money for legal profession and fighting the existing symptoms of fleshiness. Obesity is arguably the gr eraseest challenge to unrestricted health in Britain today and in that keep an eye on is a lack for impelling action. unitary of the major warning signs is the salary increase levels of corpulency among children and there is a growing credit rating that if the problem is non tackled with some breaker point of urgency in this group the keen-sighted marches health of the nation pass on suffer. While there argon now a offspring of hale prep atomic number 18 potential give-and- expunges for corpulency in the UK, it has been decl ar one selfed that measures for enhancing self prise would be exceptionally pregnant in those groups determine as existencenessness at risk from subsequent consume dis ordinations and corpulency (release et al., 1997, p.46).The retort of health in worldwide concerns the nation, with the government, consumers and businesses sharing the burden of addressing health related issues. The case Audit Office has estimated that fleshiness accounts for eighteen million days of sickness absence and 30 000 wrong d eaths each year (Bourn, 2001). Obesity has forcible and me ntal contracts and symptoms unless(prenominal) the nature of the psychological mechanisms gnarly in adjusting to corpulency be indecipherable (Ryden et al., 2001). there are a reduce of health problems associated with corpulency, with mortality rising exponentially with increase consistency weight unit (Wilding, 1997).Despite the growing level of the problem, questions buzz off been asked in appreciate of whether Britons actually need this help at a national level and if they realise that corpulency is a problem for individuals and the nation as a whole.The purpose of this landing field is to assess the views of Britons on the obesity issue. Levels of psychological well being, the topical anesthetice of control and self enjoy leave be measured in relation to being gravid. Differences amidst men and women will be considered. In addition deuce different mount up groups will be investigated to a lower place mid-thirties will be compared with over thirties to a scertain sameities and differences. There is also an investigation into the effects, if both, of ethnicity on obesity. The main snap of interest will be to determine if there is a difference in self wisdom between those who consider themselves to be laborious and those who do non. In order to investigate the issue the strong-arm structure weed index will be calculated for all helpingicipants and compared with the perceptions they pay off of themselves in terms of being laborious.It is hypothesised that men will draw broad(prenominal)er levels of self look on and will score to a greater extent(prenominal) highly on measures of psychological well being than women. anterior studies bewilder suggested that there are no earthshaking differences between men and women in terms of locus of control in appraise of weight (Furnham and Greaves, 1994). In order to investigate if this finding is still valid, the postulate will test the above variables taking into consideration differences in age and weight.MethodologyThe sample will consist of a selection of individuals attending angle Watchers meetings and sessions at the local gym. There will be sixty participants consisting of men and women patriarchal over eighteen.MaterialsA questionnaire will be designed to examine the variables discussed above and any relationship between them. The questionnaire will be divided into four parts Part One will ask questions well-nigh gender, age group (under thirties and over thirties), weight, height and will ask participants to declare whether o nt they believe themselves to be overweight Part Two will ask questions in honour of self think of Part Three will ask questions in respect of locus of control Part Four will ask questions about psychological well being.In order to measure the effects of the various variables the fol depressive disordering instruments will be used Rotters Internal-External Locos of Control home (Rotter, 1996), Radloffs CES-D Depres sion Scale (Radloff, 1977) and Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale (SES) (Rosenberg, 1965).ProcedureHalf of the questionnaires will be give to those attending Weight Watchers sessions and the other half will be administered to those attending the local gym. Participants will be informed of the nature and purpose of the depicted object and will be given assurances tat all information given will be treated in the strictest confidence and will non be used for any other purpose. It will be focal pointed that participation in the study is voluntary and participants are free to withdraw at any time. Participants will also be free to omit any questions which they do not indispensableness to answer. Written consent will be obtained before participants take part in the study. signature details will be given to the investigateer in case of follow up queries.Analysis of DataData collected will be analysed using quantitative statistical analysis in the form of TTests.DiscussionThe obesity epide mic in the UK continues to run out of control, with none of the measures that score been taken showing any sighs of halting the problem much less reversing the trend (Haslam, 2006, p.640). A number of areas have been identify which need to be turn to. There is the reference that mental health problems in the place setting of low self enjoy are associated with ingest disorders. Mental well being is affected in the context of the workplace, with obese throng very much facing some degree of discrimination in their professional and social lives. There is also a growing remains of evidence to suggest that the problem is more widespread in some ethnic groups than in others. some of the medical problems and complications associated with obesity are shew in adults, that the increasing prevalence of obesity or the propensity to become obese in children, is also a worrying trend, elevate strengthening suggestions that prevention rather than cure is the key to tackling the probl em in the commodious term. While prevention in terms of maintaining weight release and preventing lot from putting on weight in the frontmost place is the i pile, maintaining weight departure has been a major limitation of many an(prenominal) of the approaches so far adopted (Wliding, 1997,p.998).Self EsteemAlthough there is a general consensus that there are a number of pointors at work in the context of have disorders, self image has much been thought of as having a high profile authority in the nature of these disorders (Button et al., 1997, p.39). enquiry in this area has been to a large degree unclear as those who have typically participated in the research have been those who have been in the process of seeking help and whitethorn so not be re proveative of the obese population in general (Ryden et al., 2001, p.186). It has often been suggested that a low self image is present and skunk be a contri simplyory factor in causing individuals to develop eating disord ers. Dyken and Gerrard collect considerable empirical evidence to suggest that patients with eating disorders had slower levels of self prise than their counterparts who are of normal weight (Dyken and Gerrard, 1986). A great deal of the research has been speculative in nature with very little evidence to suggest a causal link between low self esteem and the onset of eating disorders. As discussed above, it has been documented that obese individuals face discrimination on a number of levels. This can organise to their accepting these negative perceptions which can get self esteem even further and can control to mental health problems (Ryden et al., 2001). Studies carried out in Sweden have fight backed this idea, with individuals who were obese experiencing significantly psychological distress than not only when their healthy counterparts, simply than those who had been involved in various forms of accidents or who were chronically ill (Sullivan et al., 1993).Studies carr ied out by Button found that girls aged 11-12 who had low levels of self esteem were, indeed more likely to have demonstrable an eating disorder than their counterparts when they took part in a follow up study some years later when they were aged 15-16. These girls also displayed a stretch of other psychological problems (Button, 1990 cited in Button et al., 1997). Dieting unremarkably results in weight vent and the lower the kilocalorie intake, the more weight will be lost. Weight is usually re imbibeed and there is evidence that cognitive doings therapy may be a more successful approach, particularly if it is coupled with physical forge. This may have more long term success, making it an effective approach with children and adolescents as good behaviour patterns in terms of adopting a healthy life-style can be developed and maintained (Wilding, 1997).In order to investigate the area of self esteem further Button and colleagues investigated pass judgment of self esteem in a much larger sample of girls aged 15-16. Those who were identified as having eating disorders did display lower levels of self esteem than their counterparts, and the area in which they had the lowest levels of self esteem was in respect of their foreign appearance, cited as an area of low self esteem by 75% of the respondents who were problematic eaters (Button et al., 1997). sexual activity Differences eat disorders have been viewed as more often than not affecting women, with comparatively few studies having been carried out in respect of men who have problems with weight and weight control. Since the mid-nineties there have been increasing numbers of males being identified as having eating disorders (Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2004, p.368). Research has begun to focus on whether there are gender differences associated with eating disorders. It has been suggested that men who develop eating disorders have higher levels of the genius traits associated with these disorders as ove rall rates are less for men than they are for women. Research has shown that men had less of a preoccupation with ideal body size and the drive for thinness than females (Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2004).Mental Health feeding disorders in general, and obesity in particular have been attri scarcelyed to underlying psychological problems much(prenominal) as slack or an inability to cope with certain aspects of life (Leon and Roth, 1977). This has led to the increasing adoption of cognitive therapy methods, providing training in better ways to deal with the heavyies in ones life which can lead to obsessive eating behaviour. Ryden and colleagues have proposed that the coping mechanisms which individual toss off at their disposal can have an enormous bear upon on whether or not they will become obese (Ryden et al., 2001).The Extent of the ProblemThe body mass index has been increasing in a number of countries and in the UK the National Audit Office have found that in the period from 1984 to 1993 rates of obesity doubled for both men and women (National Audit Office, 1994) and have been on the rise ever since. Not only are the rates of obesity move to rise, with 17% of men and 21% of women currently obese in the UK, but they are rising at a faster rate than in the past, with people being dilateter than they were in the past (Clark, 2006, 123). Obesity levels are rising faster in the UK than elsewhere (While, 2002, p.438). There are also some quite blow out of the water differences, with women in the UK who are the heaviest weighing up to twice as much as their counterparts of the same height who are not overweight. Despite an increasing sense about obesity and the benefits of healthy eating and exercise, the obesity problem continues to rise, being attributed to a complex interplay between a number of environmental factors. In their work in respect of eating disorders and self esteem Button and colleagues found that the rates of partial eating disorders we re quite high at about 8% (Button et al.,1997). Obesity is starting to overtake smoking in the UK as the greatest preventable cause of illness and premature death (Haslam, 2006, p.641). Obesity has been strongly connect with poverty and with a lack of available public information, with many individuals realising that high fat products were unhealthy but they were unable to judge which products were high in fat and by how much (Vlad, 2003p. 1308).Psychological Well Being eat disorders in general have been linked to overall psychological well being. This means that in addition to the nations physical health, obesity must be addressed in the context of the effect it is having on the nations psychological well being. Button et al. found that those who had been identified as having eating disorders scored low on the self esteem scale but also had higher scores on the anxiety scale than their counterparts. The authors pointed out that their work which involved school students, was carrie d out c fall asleep to examinations which may account for growths in levels of anxiety, and they could because not suggest a causal link without further follow up work (Button et al., 1997).Button and colleagues used a questionnaire in order to elicit further information in respect of self esteem in their subjects. When girls expressed general dissatisfaction with themselves, this was most often referred to in the context of physical appearance, with those identified as having eating disorders being more likely to trade name globally negative comments about themselves (Button et al., 1997, p.45). The same research found that family was an important factor in negative perceptions and low self esteem with a significant number of those identified as having eating disorders reporting that their family lives were characterised by arguments and an inability to communicate. The growing recognition that obesity has a psychological component, with low self esteem being recognised as an im portant factor, has led to suggestions that support necessitate to be given to people who are obese rather than ridiculing them (Mayor, 2004).Causes of ObesityIf obesity is to be successfully tackled in the UK and elsewhere, a sound thought of the root causes must be established. The spiralling levels of obesity in the UK and elsewhere over the past thirty years have prompted suggestions that it is the environment which is playing the largest part in the problem as genes could not have changed to such a degree in such a short space of time (Clark, 2006, p.124), although there is recognition that there is a contagious component (Barth, 2002, p.119), with research from twin studies suggesting that the tendency to become obese is inherited. Not only are people eating more than they did a generation ago, but there have been a number of changes to the types of activities in which people are engaged. There has been a steady decline in the need for active working at home or in the workp lace and an associated increase in sedentary jobs and occupations. In real terms physical activity has been seen as having shifted from something which people were paid to do, to something which people must now pay for in the form of joining a gym or similar pastimes.Considerable criticism has been levelled at the food production industry which produces high calories foods which are being eaten as snacks, taking daily calorie allowances above the recommended allowances. There has been an attempt to address this problem in the form of a number of initiatives such as those to increase physical activity to two hours per week in schools and the promotion of fruit and vegetables in schools, but there is little evidence of widespread success. Research carried out by Skidmore and Yarnell has suggested that the majority of obese adults were not overweight as children. This is suggestive of the fact that obesity comes about as the result of superfluous calorie intake over a period of many y ears. bringing up for healthy eating and living is therefore seen as vital in preventing future obesity and the associated health risks (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004).Environmental factorsDespite the identification of a genetic component, it has been argued that obesity can be largely prevented, with lack of physical activity and chronic custom of excess calories, being the main preventable causes of obesity (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004, p. 819). It has been suggested that the environment provides a number of opportunities for the over consumption which leads to excessive weight score. This has led to the conclusion that the obesity epidemic can only be effectively targeted if there are major changes in the environment and the ways in which people interact with it in respect of food and eating (Clark, 2006).Effects of ObesityObesity affects people of all ages including children and has damaging effects on all organs in the body. eagle-eyed term consequences include diabetes and hyp ertension which can ultimately lead to strokes and coronary heart disease (Barth, 2002, p.119). The effects of obesity in relation to mortality can be marked. Research carried out has found that the risk of diabetes in men who were very overweight increase to a risk of being forty two times more likely than those who were not overweight and women and children have been identified by research as the groups most affected by obesity (Bhate, 2007, p.173).The governments proposed preventative has come about due to the credit that many individuals are not able to desex enough proactive changes to prevent excess weight gain and are simply reacting to their environment, one in which people eat larger portions, are more prone to snacking and are taking less exercise than their counterparts from a generation ago. Food is seen to be attached to a begin of emotions, with eating being associated with celebration as well as a comfort when one is depressed. Because of the huge impact which th e environment appears to be having on obesity, it has been argued that commandment alone will be insufficient in dealing with the problem, and environmental changes are urgently needed (Lean et al., 2006). Attempts to tackle the obesity problem have themselves brought difficult issues in terms of adverse outcomes such as the rise in eating disorders as more and more people battle with their weight. It has been suggested that long term monitoring of approaches to treating obesity is exactd in order to deal with these associated problems (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004).Obesity as a DisorderThere is a growing recognition that obesity comes about as a result of an addiction to food, and, as with all addictions those who suffer require help and advice. It would appear that many of those who are obese eat not when they are hungry but in the context of a wider social agenda, fuelled by the constant availability of food. Once the cycle of weight gain begins it becomes cyclical in its nature and is compounded by lack of exercise, which leads to greater levels of weight gain. Many commentators have suggested that the failure of traditional approaches to tackling obesity point to the fact that a more successful approach may be to take the view of obesity being a disability which is characterised by a pasture of adverse consequences. Like other addictions, obesity requires treatment and support. The benefits of effective treatment cannot be exaggerated as even a small weight blemish can reduce health risk for obese individuals (Goldstein, 1992).Addressing the Obesity IssueThe problem of obesity is placing a strain on public resources in the National Health Service as well as endangering the nations health. Action is therefore required at the national level as it has been argued that many of the factors operating at the environmental level such as the availability if fast food and the lack of exercise cannot be dealt with at the level of the individual and must therefor e be addressed through a number of public health initiatives. Guidelines for prevention and treatment have been introduced in the United States and the United Kingdom, but it has been suggested that their capital punishment may take a number of years due to their complex nature and the number of organisations involved in the process (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004).It has been suggested that the issue can only really be addressed through changes in the environment which will enable individuals to maintain more healthy lifestyle choices. Suggestions include making public transport more appealing and parks more inviting in order that individuals will motivation to take some moderate exercise and will not have to make considerable effort and choice in order to achieve this end. Eating healthy food should become the norm as these foods should be more prominently displayed in shops and other food outlets. While it is recognised that prevention would be the best ideal outcome in respect of obesity, until there is some success with preventative measures, the terminal should be to help patients to deal with some of the physical and psychological costs of the problem and to ensure that any treatment given does not compound the problems that obese individuals already have.PreventionPrevention is more important and easier to achieve than weight loss, with research showing that one third of obese patients will not lose weight by any medical means. It is therefore necessary to focus on preventing obesity in the first place, and enabling individuals to maintain their current weight. The principles of losing weight and maintaining weight loss are well known, but an effective evidence base of effective measures for preventing obesity does not currently exist (Haslam, 2006, p.641). The promotion of healthy eating and regular physical exercise is requisite for both the prevention of future obesity and for treating individuals who are already overweight or obese. It has been su ggested that obesity management should be included as an important part of health service planning with increasing numbers of round trained in dealing with the problem. Research has shown that not only is considerable weight loss achievable through a programme of diet and exercise, but that this can also prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes, which is becoming more joint due to the increasing obesity problem (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004, p.821).Goals of Obesity solicitudeWith the recognition that obesity is having a major effect on the health of the nation comes the realisation that something must be done to tackle the problem. The basic goal of obesity management is for individuals to reduce their weight in a way which is safe and not overly restrictive in terms of diet, which can lead to harmful adverse effects. Current recommendations from the World Health Organisation are that individuals should attempt to lose around 10% of their body weight (World Health Organisation, 1997), but for many individuals, particularly those who are unhealthy or physically inactive, this may not be realistic and it may be more reasonable to suggest not gaining any further weight as a realistic goal.Obesity in ChildrenOne of the major areas of concern in respect of the obesity debate is the increasing prevalence of obesity in children. The government has set targets for the reduction of obesity in this age group but it has been suggested that the targets for reduction of the problem by 2010 are unlikely to be met because of confusion which exist among professional in respect of how to effectively tackle the problem.Even if preventative measures in respect of obesity were immediately successful, there would still be an epidemic of diabetes and related complications in the following two decades, because so many young people are already in the clinically latent phase of the disease, before clinical complications present (Haslam, 2006, p.641). As noted above one of the main probl em areas is the issue of obesity in children, and many food preference choices are make in childhood, largely as a result of parental influence (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004, p.821). In March 2005, the Health secretary John Reid, when announcing the governments three year strategy in respect of obesity, said that improving childrens eating habits is central to making Britain a healthier nation. The issue of childhood obesity is of concern due to the short term and long term effects. Most of the recommendations in this strategy concerned ways of tackling the problem of obesity in children. The Audit Commission has pointed out that little progress has been made in the area o childhood obesity and if present trends continue, the next generation will have a shorter life expectancy than their parents (The Audit Commission, 2003, cited in Cole, 2006).The British Medical Association has recommended a series of preventative measures for schools, including provision of healthy food in schools and the development of a curriculum pertaining to healthy eating. advertise of unhealthy foodstuffs particularly aimed at children has largely been banned, and there have been calls for the Food Standards Agency to develop new standards in nutritional content, food labelling and marketing. It has been shown that there is a correlation between socioeconomic status and poor diet, so it has been suggested that efforts should be particularly concentrated on less well off parents to enable them to make better choices for their children (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004, p.821).Reilly and colleagues have investigated a number of risk factors for obesity in children. A number of factors have been identified but the causal links are largely unclear. One of the factors identified is the level of parental obesity, but it is unclear whether this is the result of a genetic component or the shared environment of the parents and their children (Reilly et al., 2005). Their study provides evidence for t he early intervention in childhood obesity. traditionalistic methods have tended to focus on preventative measures in childhood and adolescence, an approach which Reilly has suggested is not seed early enough and would go some way to explaining wherefore these interventions have been largely unsuccessful. These authors have suggested that future preventative strategies should focus on short periods in early infancy, early childhood or even in utero.Self PerceptionThe effects on physical health of being obese are well documented, but recent years have seen an increasing focus on the psychological effects. Attention has increasingly focused on how having a body weight that deviates from that regarded as normal, may affect the way in which people evaluate themselves. There is some support in the literature that satisfaction of physiological, eff and belonging, and self esteem need are related to eating behaviour or weight management (Timmerman and Acton, 2001).A variety of theoret ical perspectives suggest that overweight people should have lower levels of self esteem than their peers, but data in this respect have been inconsistent with reviewers unable to agree on a consensus of opinion (Pokrajac- Bulian, 2005). Obese individuals do tend to suffer from low levels of self esteem, and the lives of children can be made exceedingly difficult as they suffer considerable rebuke from their peers (While, 2002). The relationship between self esteem and health behaviours has had mixed results, suggesting that there may be additional factors to be taken into consideration, suggesting the need for further research in this area.Evidence indicates that in addition to low self esteem, those who are overweight suffer stepings of stigmatisation, indulge in binge eating and have a lower quality of life than their peers who do not have weight problems (Clark, 2006, p.123). It is more likely that those who have weight problems will experience notion and associated illnesses with one fifth of obese patents reporting having at least one period of clinical depression which required treatment.Obesity is associated with a number of problems in respect of self perception. It has been shown that diets which improve weight loss are often ineffective in the long term with individuals regaining the weight. This has been shown to led to binge eating (Polivy and Herman, 1995), which can further damage self confidence and self esteem. This can lead to further eating disorders with research showing that females who had dieted were eight times more likely to develop eating disorders than their counterparts who had not dieted (Patton et al., 1990, cited in British Dietetic Association, 1997, p.95). Research has also shown that there is a positive correlation between high levels of self esteem in women and prolonged weight loss and maintenance. This has important implications in the context of developing self esteem as it is women who are most at risk from the effects of obesity.Emotional EatingEating in response to emotions has been identified as a possible cause of the consumption of excess calories (Timmerman and Acton, 2001, p.691). These negative emotions can occur when basic needs as defined by Maslows hierarchy of needs are not satisfied and can cause stress to an individual. An individuals ability to care for himself or herself is based on the availability of a number of resources internal and external to the individual. Self esteem has been identified as part of a persons internal resource base, and if the basic needs of love and so on are met continually over time, this will be well developed and built upon. This means that in times of stress an individual can call on this bank of resources to deal with stress in a way which is not detrimental to overall well being. If needs are consistently not met the individual is unable to build up a bank of resources and may experience a decreased ability to deal with stressful situations which can in turn lead to emotional eating and the risk of obesity and associated health problems associated with this.Whose responsibility?While it is now recognised that obesity is a problem for the country as a whole, questions have been asked about who should take responsibility. The increased levels of obesity have raised questions in respect of who should take responsibility for the nations health. This has caused ideas about corporate social responsibility to impact on the debate at a number of levels including the economy, the food industry and public perception of the food industry (Bhate, 2007). Research carried out by Bhate sought to investigate who was perceived by the public as having responsibility for the problem of obesity. There was a clear finding that consumers thought that the public should take responsibility for growing levels of obesity. Individuals were aware when they were eating unhealthy foods that there were certain health risks associated with these and may feel personally responsible for their actions (Bhate, 2007, p.174).Individuals did feel that there was not enough information given in respect of some foods and that this was the responsibility of manufacturers who should be put under pressure for adequate labelling by the government.Education and TrainingAs mentioned above, one of the danger areas in respect of obesity, is the fact that the problem is so widespread in children. Education is vital, not only in addressing and preventing the obesity, but in tackling the prejudice that is associated wSelf-Esteem, Control and Well-Being in ObesitySelf-Esteem, Control and Well-Being in ObesityObesity in the UK individual problem or national plague?IntroductionLevels of obesity are on the rise in the UK and following calls from doctors and other health professionals, the government has pledged to fight obesity with promises to help British society to fight the problem on a number of levels. Predictions are that in 2010 almost one third of adu lts will be obese (Lean et al., 2006), and the obesity epidemic, which is running out of control could bankrupt the health service (Haslam et al., 2006) adding to the calls for something to be done about the problem. Tony Blair has offered to provide money for prevention and fighting the existing symptoms of obesity. Obesity is arguably the greatest challenge to public health in Britain today and there is a need for effective action. One of the major warning signs is the rising levels of obesity among children and there is a growing recognition that if the problem is not tackled with some degree of urgency in this group the long term health of the nation will suffer. While there are now a number of well established potential treatments for obesity in the UK, it has been suggested that measures for enhancing self esteem would be particularly important in those groups identified as being at risk from later eating disorders and obesity (Button et al., 1997, p.46).The issue of health in general concerns the nation, with the government, consumers and businesses sharing the burden of addressing health related issues. The National Audit Office has estimated that obesity accounts for eighteen million days of sickness absence and 30 000 premature deaths each year (Bourn, 2001). Obesity has physical and psychological causes and symptoms but the nature of the psychological mechanisms involved in adjusting to obesity are unclear (Ryden et al., 2001). There are a number of health problems associated with obesity, with mortality rising exponentially with increasing body weight (Wilding, 1997).Despite the growing level of the problem, questions have been asked in respect of whether Britons really need this help at a national level and if they realise that obesity is a problem for individuals and the nation as a whole.The purpose of this study is to assess the views of Britons on the obesity issue. Levels of psychological well being, the locus of control and self esteem will be measured in relation to being overweight. Differences between men and women will be considered. In addition two different age groups will be investigated under thirties will be compared with over thirties to ascertain similarities and differences. There is also an investigation into the effects, if any, of ethnicity on obesity. The main focus of interest will be to determine if there is a difference in self perception between those who consider themselves to be overweight and those who do not. In order to investigate the issue the body mass index will be calculated for all participants and compared with the perceptions they have of themselves in terms of being overweight.It is hypothesised that men will have higher levels of self esteem and will score more highly on measures of psychological well being than women. Previous studies have suggested that there are no significant differences between men and women in terms of locus of control in respect of weight (Furnham and Greaves, 1994). In order to investigate if this finding is still valid, the study will test the above variables taking into consideration differences in age and weight.MethodologyThe sample will consist of a selection of individuals attending Weight Watchers meetings and sessions at the local gym. There will be sixty participants consisting of men and women aged over eighteen.MaterialsA questionnaire will be designed to examine the variables discussed above and any relationship between them. The questionnaire will be divided into four parts Part One will ask questions about gender, age group (under thirties and over thirties), weight, height and will ask participants to declare whether o nt they believe themselves to be overweight Part Two will ask questions in respect of self esteem Part Three will ask questions in respect of locus of control Part Four will ask questions about psychological well being.In order to measure the effects of the various variables the following instruments wi ll be used Rotters Internal-External Locos of Control Scale (Rotter, 1996), Radloffs CES-D Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) and Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale (SES) (Rosenberg, 1965).ProcedureHalf of the questionnaires will be given to those attending Weight Watchers sessions and the other half will be administered to those attending the local gym. Participants will be informed of the nature and purpose of the study and will be given assurances tat all information given will be treated in the strictest confidence and will not be used for any other purpose. It will be stressed that participation in the study is voluntary and participants are free to withdraw at any time. Participants will also be free to omit any questions which they do not want to answer. Written consent will be obtained before participants take part in the study. Contact details will be given to the researcher in case of follow up queries.Analysis of DataData collected will be analysed using quantitative statistical analysis in the form of TTests.DiscussionThe obesity epidemic in the UK continues to run out of control, with none of the measures that have been taken showing any sighs of halting the problem much less reversing the trend (Haslam, 2006, p.640). A number of areas have been identified which need to be addressed. There is the recognition that mental health problems in the context of low self esteem are associated with eating disorders. Mental well being is affected in the context of the workplace, with obese people often facing some degree of discrimination in their professional and social lives. There is also a growing body of evidence to suggest that the problem is more widespread in some ethnic groups than in others. Many of the medical problems and complications associated with obesity are found in adults, but the increasing prevalence of obesity or the tendency to become obese in children, is also a worrying trend, further strengthening suggestions that prevention rather than cur e is the key to tackling the problem in the long term. While prevention in terms of maintaining weight loss and preventing people from putting on weight in the first place is the ideal, maintaining weight loss has been a major limitation of many of the approaches so far adopted (Wliding, 1997,p.998).Self EsteemAlthough there is a general consensus that there are a number of factors at work in the context of eating disorders, self image has frequently been thought of as having a high profile role in the nature of these disorders (Button et al., 1997, p.39). Research in this area has been to a large degree unclear as those who have typically participated in the research have been those who have been in the process of seeking help and may therefore not be representative of the obese population in general (Ryden et al., 2001, p.186). It has often been suggested that a low self image is present and can be a contributory factor in causing individuals to develop eating disorders. Dyken and Gerrard gathered considerable empirical evidence to suggest that patients with eating disorders had slower levels of self esteem than their counterparts who are of normal weight (Dyken and Gerrard, 1986). A great deal of the research has been speculative in nature with very little evidence to suggest a causal link between low self esteem and the onset of eating disorders. As discussed above, it has been documented that obese individuals face discrimination on a number of levels. This can lead to their accepting these negative perceptions which can reduce self esteem even further and can lead to mental health problems (Ryden et al., 2001). Studies carried out in Sweden have supported this idea, with individuals who were obese experiencing significantly psychological distress than not only their healthy counterparts, but than those who had been involved in various forms of accidents or who were chronically ill (Sullivan et al., 1993).Studies carried out by Button found that girls age d 11-12 who had low levels of self esteem were, indeed more likely to have developed an eating disorder than their counterparts when they took part in a follow up study some years later when they were aged 15-16. These girls also displayed a range of other psychological problems (Button, 1990 cited in Button et al., 1997). Dieting usually results in weight loss and the lower the calorie intake, the more weight will be lost. Weight is usually regained and there is evidence that cognitive behaviour therapy may be a more successful approach, particularly if it is coupled with physical exercise. This may have more long term success, making it an effective approach with children and adolescents as good behaviour patterns in terms of adopting a healthy lifestyle can be developed and maintained (Wilding, 1997).In order to investigate the area of self esteem further Button and colleagues investigated rates of self esteem in a much larger sample of girls aged 15-16. Those who were identified as having eating disorders did display lower levels of self esteem than their counterparts, and the area in which they had the lowest levels of self esteem was in respect of their external appearance, cited as an area of low self esteem by 75% of the respondents who were problematic eaters (Button et al., 1997).Gender DifferencesEating disorders have been viewed as largely affecting women, with relatively few studies having been carried out in respect of men who have problems with weight and weight control. Since the 1990s there have been increasing numbers of males being identified as having eating disorders (Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2004, p.368). Research has begun to focus on whether there are gender differences associated with eating disorders. It has been suggested that men who develop eating disorders have higher levels of the personality traits associated with these disorders as overall rates are less for men than they are for women. Research has shown that men had less of a preoccupation with ideal body size and the drive for thinness than females (Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2004).Mental HealthEating disorders in general, and obesity in particular have been attributed to underlying psychological problems such as depression or an inability to cope with certain aspects of life (Leon and Roth, 1977). This has led to the increasing adoption of cognitive therapy methods, providing training in better ways to deal with the difficulties in ones life which can lead to obsessive eating behaviour. Ryden and colleagues have proposed that the coping mechanisms which individual shave at their disposal can have an enormous impact on whether or not they will become obese (Ryden et al., 2001).The Extent of the ProblemThe body mass index has been increasing in a number of countries and in the UK the National Audit Office have found that in the period from 1984 to 1993 rates of obesity doubled for both men and women (National Audit Office, 1994) and have been on the rise ever since. Not only are the rates of obesity continuing to rise, with 17% of men and 21% of women currently obese in the UK, but they are rising at a faster rate than in the past, with people being fatter than they were in the past (Clark, 2006, 123). Obesity levels are rising faster in the UK than elsewhere (While, 2002, p.438). There are also some quite startling differences, with women in the UK who are the heaviest weighing up to twice as much as their counterparts of the same height who are not overweight. Despite an increasing awareness about obesity and the benefits of healthy eating and exercise, the obesity problem continues to rise, being attributed to a complex interplay between a number of environmental factors. In their work in respect of eating disorders and self esteem Button and colleagues found that the rates of partial eating disorders were quite high at about 8% (Button et al.,1997). Obesity is starting to overtake smoking in the UK as the greatest preventable ca use of illness and premature death (Haslam, 2006, p.641). Obesity has been strongly linked with poverty and with a lack of available public information, with many individuals realising that high fat products were unhealthy but they were unable to judge which products were high in fat and by how much (Vlad, 2003p. 1308).Psychological Well BeingEating disorders in general have been linked to overall psychological well being. This means that in addition to the nations physical health, obesity must be addressed in the context of the effect it is having on the nations psychological well being. Button et al. found that those who had been identified as having eating disorders scored low on the self esteem scale but also had higher scores on the anxiety scale than their counterparts. The authors pointed out that their work which involved school students, was carried out close to examinations which may account for increases in levels of anxiety, and they could therefore not suggest a causal link without further follow up work (Button et al., 1997).Button and colleagues used a questionnaire in order to elicit further information in respect of self esteem in their subjects. When girls expressed general dissatisfaction with themselves, this was most often referred to in the context of physical appearance, with those identified as having eating disorders being more likely to make globally negative comments about themselves (Button et al., 1997, p.45). The same research found that family was an important factor in negative perceptions and low self esteem with a significant number of those identified as having eating disorders reporting that their family lives were characterised by arguments and an inability to communicate. The growing recognition that obesity has a psychological component, with low self esteem being recognised as an important factor, has led to suggestions that support needs to be given to people who are obese rather than ridiculing them (Mayor, 2004).Cause s of ObesityIf obesity is to be successfully tackled in the UK and elsewhere, a sound understanding of the root causes must be established. The spiralling levels of obesity in the UK and elsewhere over the past thirty years have prompted suggestions that it is the environment which is playing the largest part in the problem as genes could not have changed to such a degree in such a short space of time (Clark, 2006, p.124), although there is recognition that there is a genetic component (Barth, 2002, p.119), with research from twin studies suggesting that the tendency to become obese is inherited. Not only are people eating more than they did a generation ago, but there have been a number of changes to the types of activities in which people are engaged. There has been a steady decline in the need for active working at home or in the workplace and an associated increase in sedentary jobs and occupations. In real terms physical activity has been seen as having shifted from something w hich people were paid to do, to something which people must now pay for in the form of joining a gym or similar pastimes.Considerable criticism has been levelled at the food production industry which produces high calories foods which are being eaten as snacks, taking daily calorie allowances above the recommended allowances. There has been an attempt to address this problem in the form of a number of initiatives such as those to increase physical activity to two hours per week in schools and the promotion of fruit and vegetables in schools, but there is little evidence of widespread success. Research carried out by Skidmore and Yarnell has suggested that the majority of obese adults were not overweight as children. This is suggestive of the fact that obesity comes about as the result of excess calorie intake over a period of many years. Education for healthy eating and living is therefore seen as vital in preventing future obesity and the associated health risks (Skidmore and Yarne ll, 2004).Environmental factorsDespite the identification of a genetic component, it has been argued that obesity can be largely prevented, with lack of physical activity and chronic consumption of excess calories, being the main preventable causes of obesity (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004, p. 819). It has been suggested that the environment provides a number of opportunities for the over consumption which leads to excessive weight gain. This has led to the conclusion that the obesity epidemic can only be effectively targeted if there are major changes in the environment and the ways in which people interact with it in respect of food and eating (Clark, 2006).Effects of ObesityObesity affects people of all ages including children and has damaging effects on all organs in the body. Long term consequences include diabetes and hypertension which can ultimately lead to strokes and coronary heart disease (Barth, 2002, p.119). The effects of obesity in relation to mortality can be marked. Re search carried out has found that the risk of diabetes in men who were very overweight increased to a risk of being forty two times more likely than those who were not overweight and women and children have been identified by research as the groups most affected by obesity (Bhate, 2007, p.173).The governments proposed intervention has come about due to the realisation that many individuals are not able to make enough proactive changes to prevent excess weight gain and are simply reacting to their environment, one in which people eat larger portions, are more prone to snacking and are taking less exercise than their counterparts from a generation ago. Food is seen to be attached to a range of emotions, with eating being associated with celebration as well as a comfort when one is depressed. Because of the huge impact which the environment appears to be having on obesity, it has been argued that education alone will be insufficient in dealing with the problem, and environmental change s are urgently needed (Lean et al., 2006). Attempts to tackle the obesity problem have themselves brought difficult issues in terms of adverse outcomes such as the rise in eating disorders as more and more people battle with their weight. It has been suggested that long term monitoring of approaches to treating obesity is required in order to deal with these associated problems (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004).Obesity as a DisorderThere is a growing recognition that obesity comes about as a result of an addiction to food, and, as with all addictions those who suffer require help and advice. It would appear that many of those who are obese eat not when they are hungry but in the context of a wider social agenda, fuelled by the constant availability of food. Once the cycle of weight gain begins it becomes cyclical in its nature and is compounded by lack of exercise, which leads to greater levels of weight gain. Many commentators have suggested that the failure of traditional approaches to tackling obesity point to the fact that a more successful approach may be to take the view of obesity being a disability which is characterised by a range of adverse consequences. Like other addictions, obesity requires treatment and support. The benefits of effective treatment cannot be overstated as even a small weight loss can reduce health risk for obese individuals (Goldstein, 1992).Addressing the Obesity IssueThe problem of obesity is placing a strain on public resources in the National Health Service as well as endangering the nations health. Action is therefore required at the national level as it has been argued that many of the factors operating at the environmental level such as the availability if fast food and the lack of exercise cannot be dealt with at the level of the individual and must therefore be addressed through a number of public health initiatives. Guidelines for prevention and treatment have been introduced in the United States and the United Kingdom, but i t has been suggested that their implementation may take a number of years due to their complex nature and the number of organisations involved in the process (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004).It has been suggested that the issue can only really be addressed through changes in the environment which will enable individuals to make more healthy lifestyle choices. Suggestions include making public transport more appealing and parks more inviting in order that individuals will want to take some moderate exercise and will not have to make considerable effort and choice in order to achieve this end. Eating healthy food should become the norm as these foods should be more prominently displayed in shops and other food outlets. While it is recognised that prevention would be the best ideal outcome in respect of obesity, until there is some success with preventative measures, the goal should be to help patients to deal with some of the physical and psychological costs of the problem and to ensure t hat any treatment given does not compound the problems that obese individuals already have.PreventionPrevention is more important and easier to achieve than weight loss, with research showing that one third of obese patients will not lose weight by any medical means. It is therefore necessary to focus on preventing obesity in the first place, and enabling individuals to maintain their current weight. The principles of losing weight and maintaining weight loss are well known, but an effective evidence base of effective measures for preventing obesity does not currently exist (Haslam, 2006, p.641). The promotion of healthy eating and regular physical exercise is essential for both the prevention of future obesity and for treating individuals who are already overweight or obese. It has been suggested that obesity management should be included as an important part of health service planning with increasing numbers of staff trained in dealing with the problem. Research has shown that not only is considerable weight loss achievable through a programme of diet and exercise, but that this can also prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes, which is becoming more common due to the increasing obesity problem (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004, p.821).Goals of Obesity ManagementWith the recognition that obesity is having a major effect on the health of the nation comes the realisation that something must be done to tackle the problem. The basic goal of obesity management is for individuals to reduce their weight in a way which is safe and not overly restrictive in terms of diet, which can lead to harmful adverse effects. Current recommendations from the World Health Organisation are that individuals should attempt to lose around 10% of their body weight (World Health Organisation, 1997), but for many individuals, particularly those who are unhealthy or physically inactive, this may not be realistic and it may be more reasonable to suggest not gaining any further weight as a realisti c goal.Obesity in ChildrenOne of the major areas of concern in respect of the obesity debate is the increasing prevalence of obesity in children. The government has set targets for the reduction of obesity in this age group but it has been suggested that the targets for reduction of the problem by 2010 are unlikely to be met because of confusion which exist among professional in respect of how to effectively tackle the problem.Even if preventative measures in respect of obesity were immediately successful, there would still be an epidemic of diabetes and related complications in the next two decades, because so many young people are already in the clinically latent phase of the disease, before clinical complications present (Haslam, 2006, p.641). As noted above one of the main problem areas is the issue of obesity in children, and many food preference choices are made in childhood, largely as a result of parental influence (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004, p.821). In March 2005, the Heal th secretary John Reid, when announcing the governments three year strategy in respect of obesity, said that improving childrens eating habits is central to making Britain a healthier nation. The issue of childhood obesity is of concern due to the short term and long term effects. Most of the recommendations in this strategy concerned ways of tackling the problem of obesity in children. The Audit Commission has pointed out that little progress has been made in the area o childhood obesity and if present trends continue, the next generation will have a shorter life expectancy than their parents (The Audit Commission, 2003, cited in Cole, 2006).The British Medical Association has recommended a series of preventative measures for schools, including provision of healthy food in schools and the development of a curriculum pertaining to healthy eating. Advertising of unhealthy foodstuffs particularly aimed at children has largely been banned, and there have been calls for the Food Standar ds Agency to develop new standards in nutritional content, food labelling and marketing. It has been shown that there is a correlation between socioeconomic status and poor diet, so it has been suggested that efforts should be particularly concentrated on less well off parents to enable them to make better choices for their children (Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004, p.821).Reilly and colleagues have investigated a number of risk factors for obesity in children. A number of factors have been identified but the causal links are largely unclear. One of the factors identified is the level of parental obesity, but it is unclear whether this is the result of a genetic component or the shared environment of the parents and their children (Reilly et al., 2005). Their study provides evidence for the early intervention in childhood obesity. Traditional methods have tended to focus on preventative measures in childhood and adolescence, an approach which Reilly has suggested is not beginning early e nough and would go some way to explaining why these interventions have been largely unsuccessful. These authors have suggested that future preventative strategies should focus on short periods in early infancy, early childhood or even in utero.Self PerceptionThe effects on physical health of being obese are well documented, but recent years have seen an increasing focus on the psychological effects. Attention has increasingly focused on how having a body weight that deviates from that regarded as normal, may affect the way in which people evaluate themselves. There is some support in the literature that satisfaction of physiological, love and belonging, and self esteem needs are related to eating behaviour or weight management (Timmerman and Acton, 2001).A variety of theoretical perspectives suggest that overweight people should have lower levels of self esteem than their peers, but data in this respect have been inconsistent with reviewers unable to agree on a consensus of opinion (Pokrajac- Bulian, 2005). Obese individuals do tend to suffer from low levels of self esteem, and the lives of children can be made exceedingly difficult as they suffer considerable rebuke from their peers (While, 2002). The relationship between self esteem and health behaviours has had mixed results, suggesting that there may be additional factors to be taken into consideration, suggesting the need for further research in this area.Evidence indicates that in addition to low self esteem, those who are overweight suffer feelings of stigmatisation, indulge in binge eating and have a lower quality of life than their peers who do not have weight problems (Clark, 2006, p.123). It is more likely that those who have weight problems will experience depression and associated illnesses with one fifth of obese patents reporting having at least one period of clinical depression which required treatment.Obesity is associated with a number of problems in respect of self perception. It has been sh own that diets which improve weight loss are often ineffective in the long term with individuals regaining the weight. This has been shown to led to binge eating (Polivy and Herman, 1995), which can further damage self confidence and self esteem. This can lead to further eating disorders with research showing that females who had dieted were eight times more likely to develop eating disorders than their counterparts who had not dieted (Patton et al., 1990, cited in British Dietetic Association, 1997, p.95). Research has also shown that there is a positive correlation between high levels of self esteem in women and prolonged weight loss and maintenance. This has important implications in the context of developing self esteem as it is women who are most at risk from the effects of obesity.Emotional EatingEating in response to emotions has been identified as a possible cause of the consumption of excess calories (Timmerman and Acton, 2001, p.691). These negative emotions can occur when basic needs as defined by Maslows hierarchy of needs are not satisfied and can cause stress to an individual. An individuals ability to care for himself or herself is based on the availability of a number of resources internal and external to the individual. Self esteem has been identified as part of a persons internal resource base, and if the basic needs of love and so on are met continually over time, this will be well developed and built upon. This means that in times of stress an individual can call on this bank of resources to deal with stress in a way which is not detrimental to overall well being. If needs are consistently not met the individual is unable to build up a bank of resources and may experience a decreased ability to deal with stressful situations which can in turn lead to emotional eating and the risk of obesity and associated health problems associated with this.Whose responsibility?While it is now recognised that obesity is a problem for the country as a whole , questions have been asked about who should take responsibility. The increased levels of obesity have raised questions in respect of who should take responsibility for the nations health. This has caused ideas about corporate social responsibility to impact on the debate at a number of levels including the economy, the food industry and public perception of the food industry (Bhate, 2007). Research carried out by Bhate sought to investigate who was perceived by the public as having responsibility for the problem of obesity. There was a clear finding that consumers thought that the public should take responsibility for growing levels of obesity. Individuals were aware when they were eating unhealthy foods that there were certain health risks associated with these and may feel personally responsible for their actions (Bhate, 2007, p.174).Individuals did feel that there was not enough information given in respect of some foods and that this was the responsibility of manufacturers who should be put under pressure for adequate labelling by the government.Education and TrainingAs mentioned above, one of the danger areas in respect of obesity, is the fact that the problem is so widespread in children. Education is vital, not only in addressing and preventing the obesity, but in tackling the prejudice that is associated w

English Pronunciation And Accent For Students English Language Essay

English Pronunciation And Accent For Students English Language EssayThe Language has three basic constituents Sound, complex body part and vocabulary. The main line of language learning is to master its perish system, to represent the streams of speech, to hear the distinctive sound features and to approximate their production .AccuracyOf sound, rhythm of innovation, structural forms and arrangement within a limited range of expression must be acquired first onwards the other linguistic aspect of the language. Correct pronunciation imparts clarity to the speech and crystalize tone. It makes the language more fluent. It makes an impression on the mind of the take c beer. The pronunciation has to be learnt finished constant and sustained practices. This section provides the different sounds and practices to master the English pronunciation. genuine PronunciTIONLike all languages English has wide variation in its pronunciation. The variation is especially salient in English beca use the language is intercommunicate over such a wide territory, being the predominant language in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, South Africa and India. Although there be many dialects of English, the trustworthy Pronunciation is usually used as the standard accent.To learn the exact pronunciation of the terminology in English language we need to first locate the different speech, sounds in English language. There are 44 sounds in English language and they are divided into vowels sounds and consonant sounds. There are 20 vowels and 24 consonants. The vowels sounds are further classified into Monophthongs and diphthongs. Monophthongs are either pathetic or long.VOWEL SOUNDA vowel sound is produced by the shift flow of air. During the articulation of vowel sound,the active articulator is raised towards the passive articulator in such a way that there is a sufficient gap amidst the two for air to escape through the mouth wit hout friction. For example when we say True the air escapes freely and continuously without any friction.To begin with we first focalization on the vowel sound. The vowel sound is the nucleus of the word.No word can exist without it.The consonant sound is the marginal element. It appears either before of afterwards the nucleus. The Consonant sound at the beginning of the nucleus is called the releasing consonant and the one at the end is called the arresting consonant for egg. PICK pik p is cognize as the releasing consonant.Examples of short vowels // in kit and mirror, // in put, /e/ in dress and merry, // in strut and curry, // in trap and marry, // in piling and orange, // in ago and sofa.Examples of long vowels /i/ in fleece, /u/ in goose, // in nurse, // in north and thought, // in father and start.RPs long vowels are somewhat diphthongised. Especially the high vowels /i/ and /u/ which are often narrowly transcribed in phonetic literature as diphthongs i and u.Long and sh ort are relative to each other. Because of phonological process affecting vowel length, short vowels in one context can be longer than long vowels in a nonher context.In tack onition to such length distinctions, unstressed vowels are both shorter and more centralized than stressed ones. In unstressed syllables occurring before vowels and in nett position, contrasts between long and short high vowels are neutralized and short i and u occur.CONSONANT SOUNDA consonant sound may be defined as a speech sound that is produced with stoppage of air. For Ex ample when we say the word CUP to pronounce the initial /k/ and the final /p/the voice or breathe is particularly hindered by the tongue teeth, lip or other organ of articulation. The consonant sounds are classified correspond to the nature of the constrictions plosives friction, affricated , and lateral consonants.The sound of the language is known as phonemes. Phoneme is a minimal,distinctive, functional unit of the sound system of a language.Phonetics is the science of speech sounds, their production,trans scarperion and reception, It studies the strength of spoken language. To learn the pronunciation and improve spoken Phonetic transcription.It may be defined as a way of representing speech sounds through symbols. A phonemic symbol represents each English sound. It is substantial to learn the phonemic symbol to acquire the accurate pronunciation because these symbols help to recognise the sound easily. intimacy of these symbols is useful eon referring a Dictionary. It helps to know the pronunciation of the word.PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONIt may be defined as a way of representing speech sounds through symbols. A phonemic symbol represents each English sound. To acquire the exact pronunciation it is important to learn phonemic transcription. This helps to identify the sounds easily .Knowledge of these symbols is useful while referring to a dictionary. The table below contains the list of these pronunciation sym bolsVOWELSPHONEMIC SYMBOLSMonophthongsFrontCentralBacklongshortlongshortlongshortCloseiuMideOpenEXAMPLESSymbols course/e/ bet, let, men/i/ sit, lit, bit// hot, shot , pot// hut, but, nut/ / bat, mat, sit/u/ would, could, should/ / ago, aloud, aboutDIPHTHONGSSYMBOLS EXAMPLESDiphthongExampleClosing/e//be/Bay streak, lake, play/a//ba/buy///b/boy///b/bloke/a//ba/boughCentring///b/beer/e//be/bear///b/boorCONSONANT SYMBOLSConsonant phonemes of Received PronunciationBilabialLabio-dental alveolar consonantAlveolarPost-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottalNasalmnPlosivepbtdkgAffricatetdFricativefvszhApproximantjwLaterallNasals and liquids may be syllabic in unstressed syllables.// is more often a weak dental plosive the sequence /n/ is often realized as nn./h/ becomes between voiced sounds.// is postalveolar unless devoicing results in a voiceless fricative articulation (see below)./l/ is velarized in the syllable coda.Unless preceded by /s/, fortis plosives (/p/, /t/, and /k/) are aspirated befo re stressed vowels when a sonorant /l/, //, /w/, or /j/ follows, this aspiration is indicated by partial devoicing of the sonorant.Syllable final /p/, /t/, /t/, and /k/ are preceded by a glottal stop /t/ may be fully replaced by a glottal stop, especially before a syllabic nasal (button bn).SYMBOLS EXAMPLES/P/ Pin, pick/b/ but, cup/t/ tin, stick/d/ bud , doll/k/ could, cake/g/ girl, mug/ t / church, chew/ d / jug, judge/f/ graph, fast/v/ give, vary/ / theory, earth/ / mother, further/s/ sea, ask/z/ zero, design/ / ash, shift/ / garage, pleasure/m/ machine, charm/n/ nature, born/ / ring, king/h/ hymn, harp/l/ life, style/l//r/ rose, remunerate/w/ water, work,/j/ yes, youDUALITY OF LETTERS AND SOUNDSDuality of letters and sounds mean that there is no one to one correspondence between letters and sounds in English. Different letters may represent different sounds .Following table gives example of words where different letters represent the same sound./s/ see, censor, miss/SH/ ch ef, mention, passion/z/ zoo, season/k/ kill, sick, chemistry/ ee/ key, deal, physique/ oo/ movie, soup, true/AH/ market, fast, aunt, heartACCENT enounce Stress in EnglishWord stress is the key to understand spoken English. In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we punctuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly for example if we say photograph, photographer and photographic. They do not sound similar because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.shape besyllablesstressedsyllablePHOTOGRAPH31PHO TOGRAPHER42PHOTO GRAPHIC43This happens in all words with two or more syllables TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETeraThe syllables that are not stressed are weak or small or quiet. Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and comprehensionThere are two very important looms about word stressOne word, one stress. (One word cannot generate two stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two words, not one word.)The stress is always on a vowel.The stress in English language can be knowledgeable by listening to engish news on radio or television. This serves as a good practice exercise to learn the right stress pattern. article of faith Stress in EnglishSentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like word stress, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken English, especially when spoken fast.Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or beat. You remember that word stress is accent on one syllable within a word. Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.Most sentences have two types of wordcontent words buil ding wordsContent words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important words that carry the meaning or sense.Structure words are not very important words. They are small, simple words that make the sentence correct grammatically. They give the sentence its correct form or structure.If you remove the structure words from a sentence, you will probably still understand the sentence.If you remove the content words from a sentence, you will not understand the sentence. The sentence has no sense or meaning.Imagine that you receive this telegram messageWillyouSELLme railcarbecauseIm deceasedtoFRANCEThis sentence is not complete. It is not a grammatically correct sentence. But you probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you to sell their car for them because they have asleep(p) to France. We can add a few wordsWillyouSELLmyCARbecauseIveGONEtoFRANCEThe new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more correct gramma tically. We can add even more words to make one complete, grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the sameContent WordsWillyouSELLmyCARbecauseIveGONEtoFRANCE.Structure WordsWhy is this important for pronunciation? It is important because it adds music to the language. It is the rhythm of the English language. It changes the speed at which we speak (and listen to) the language. The time between each stressed word is the same.In our sentence, there is 1 syllable between SELL and CAR and 3 syllables between CAR and GONE. But the time (t) between SELL and CAR and between CAR and GONE is the same. We maintain a constant beat on the stressed words. To do this, we say my more slowly, and because Ive more quickly. We change the speed of the small structure words so that the rhythm of the key content words stays the same.syllables2131WillyouSELLmyCARbecauseIveGONEtoFRANCE.t1beatt1beatt1beatt1beatImportant rules of word stress1 Stress on first syllableruleexampleMost 2-syllable nounsPRESent, EXport, CHIna, panelMost 2-syllable adjectivesPRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy2 Stress on last syllableruleexampleMost 2-syllable verbsto preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = bite from end)ruleexampleWords ending in -icGRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGicWords ending in -sion and -tionteleVIsion, reveLAtion4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)ruleexampleWords ending in -cy, -ty, -phy and -gydeMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogyWords ending in -alCRItical, geoLOGical5 Compound words (words with two parts)ruleexampleFor change nouns, the stress is on the first partBLACKbird, GREENhouseFor compound adjectives, the stress is on the bet on partbad-TEMpered, old-FASHionedFor compound verbs, the stress is on the second partto underSTAND, to overFLOW

Cognitive View of Depressive Disorders

Cognitive View of Depressive DisordersComp ar and contrast the psychoanalytic explanation with the cognitive view of depressive disorders.Freud debated that people whose requirements werent met during the uttered stage of psychosexual occurrence are capable to emerging melancholy in maturity because this causes low self-respect and extreme reliance. soulfulnesss who are exceptionally reliant on an other(a) people are notably expected to arise recession after such a demise. Resentment at the demise is vicarious onto the self, which influences self-respect and equals the individual to re discover damage that appeared in nonage. Has frontage authority, Early harm does not constantly foretell dejection and the principal(prenominal) flaw of Freuds theory is the lacking firsthand support and so is neither provable nor falsifiable. As stated in this approach, gloominess is caused because of maladaptive education. The mores of operant conditioning birth been sureistic to clarify mise ry with the help of boosting and mistreatment. Lack of positive support or too much rough treatment leads towards depression. As stated by Lewinsohn (1974,) that sadness is because of decline in positive backup as a outcome of certain type of damage, e.g. redundancy, relationship breakdown. Moreover, once depressed, the person may get encouraging vibes such as kindness and devotion. In 1974 Hiroto run down three clusters of human members such as large open to a booming noise they couldnt break exposed to a rowdy noise they could stay by pressing a spill and was unable to hear a loud reposition. All send packingdidates were then positioned in face of a rectangular pack with a knob on it and exposed to loud pitch. Unidentified to the providedidates, the pitch could be switched off by affecting the grip from one side to another. The participants previously exposed to a loud pitch they couldnt end showed experienced helplessness by failing to move the handle.ReductionistEnvironment ally deterministicIgnores natureExtrapolationFace severityEcological validityPopulation validityCognitive dysfunction in attribution way (attribution model of Abramson et al.s ) and theory of self, the universe, and the expectations (Becks cognitive triad) have been interconnected to the fruit of depression. Negative schemas develop at some stage in childhood as a result of serious interpersonal outcomes, and are started when the entity facing the same(p) situations in upcoming life. Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale (1978) established Seligmans effort with the model, which visualizes how people react to failure. Abramson again with Metalsky, and Alloy (1989) presented the actual theory because they linked few significance to the cogitate attributions and more significance to the concept that depressed person present a general logic of hopelessness. Evans et al. (2005) also presented a prospective theory and anchor that females with the highest rank for negative self-beliefs at the sequence of pregnancy were 60% more possible to become depressed consequently than those at the bottom side.An upper estimate of trying life events mainly precede depression. During the survey, Interviews of depressed women resulted that 61% of affected women had badly faced at least one very nerve-racking event in her life as compared to 19% of a non-depressed normal women. favorable and family support was recognized as an entity that protected from depression, only 10% of women having a close and unfeigned friend faced depression compared to 37% of the women without an warm and dear friend (Brown Harris, 1978). According to socio-cultural theorists the frequency of key depressive disorder is inclined strongly by demographic factors. Marital rank is one more important social and demographic factor. Blazer et al. (1994) noticed that individuals with divorce were high depressed than those who are married or had never been into any relation. Culture has an impact on the natu ral world of the symptoms experienced because people in non-Western countries state mostly tangible symptoms (e.g. sleep, fatigue and disturbances), on the other hand self-blame and guilt are more common symptoms in Western countries.Throughout the whole discussion it can be chanced that Freuds ideas are very explicit in making a clear direction about the components to make up a human personality in diametric stages of life (Lanea). According to Sigmund Freuds theory, there are two basic components of the conscious and unconscious mind. These parts contribute in identification of the self-personality by the human. Every personality has unlike states of mind as conscious and unconscious mind together makes interaction to develop human personality. His ideas also helped in unveil the elements dividing the human personality like id, ego and superego. The fundamental structure of human mind is actually the primary base of the human behaviors and personality in different life stages. BibliographyLanea, Christopher. Philosophy of the unconscious Vacillating on the scene of writing in Freuds project. Prose Studies History, Theory, Criticism (1994) 98-129.Brown Harris, Vulnerability Factors, 1978.Blazer et al, Lifetime risk of Depression, 1994.Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy, despondency Depression, 1989.Why is the concept of disease not suitable when discussing personality disorder?Sigmund Freud is a prominent figure in psychology known as a creator of psycho analysis i.e. analysis of the mind. He was the one who presented a complete set of theories and ideas about the personality and ultimately make composition of an interchange amongst the psychic structures and events within psychosexual stages of development (Gallinek). Despite his theories and ideas faced high level of criticism in terms of their circularity and gender specificity, a sexual relation fact cannot be undermined that reflects his theories and ideas can be used to make identification of persons p ersonality in different life stages (Vivas).Both the Abraham Maslow and Dostoevsky have showed and given their perceptions and descriptions about concept of disease not suitable when discussing personality disorder and the reads of an individual in life and their priorities in their individual storys. However, Abraham Maslows idea looks more practical and realistic as the major population in the world first seeks for the necessity like food (Cald nearly and Mou). It can be noted here that how the person is capable of doing anything in his life even searching for his identity or the purpose in his life, in the absence of the physical heftiness provided by him in the form of food. Some needs of the people hold priorities over others. The Maslows hierarchy of need place fundamental emphasis upon the need for the satisfaction of the hunger. Order of prioritization can be deemed as a basic element of the disagreement between two statements (Frankl). In order to understand how Freuds t heories and ideas are helpful for the identification of the personality in different life stages, it is necessary to understand the new way introduced by him in making analysis of the human behavior. According to him, metal energy is the basic source of devising a human behavior (Ahmed). These energies are produced by the libido, which is a part of Id and creates the energy through survival and sexual instincts. A worth noting point about his theories and ideas is that these revolves around the unconscious mind as according to him unconscious mind period of play a vital role in developing human behaviors and ultimately his personality (Harvard Womens Health Watch).On the other hand, when we consider the statement written by the novelist, Fyodor Dosteovsky, he gave the priority to self-actualization needs of an individual, which means search for the personal identity (Ndimunkum). His individual believes can be proved from the verses of Bible as the book gave the same idea in the pla ce of different references representing that man does not defy only on the bread alone, but also all those things that are made available by the God for him (Coleman). The individuals accepting the teachings of Bible would be capable of reacting and sensing in the same way (Green). The another example supporting the statement of the Dostoevsky is the act of fasting that is experienced by the humans in their life, sacrificing their need of love for the sake of accomplishment of the purpose. Additionally there are number of individuals distraint from the different types of mental confusions and disorders, and in this situation, they do not give any importance to the food or diet simply because of the depression, anxiety and insecurity unspoilt by them (Frankl). However, two the statements can be implemented with respect to certain situations and even with the mutual integration. It can be depicted that though the priorities of the two psychologists are different, yet there are num erous activities that are used to satisfy the human needs can at the same time respond to both the priorities including food and hunger. Farming, planting and transportation activities on the one hand can provide the platform for earning money to get food for the satisfaction of hunger as well as also become an edge for the searching of the individual purpose to lead the live (Green). It is true that no man can survive without food and give reference to it over love and self-esteem, yet without a clear purpose and identification, individual would soon be bored with the life he is leading, even though he has enough food to eat.Conclusively, these needs cannot be studied in isolation as they have great significance on the quality of life of a man and upon the psychological satisfaction of him. Nothing is less important as each element in the life take in its individual place (Hessong and Weeks Journal of human behavior)BibliographyHessong, Robert F. and Thomas Harold Weeks. Introduct ion to education. Macmillan, 1987.Green, Christopher D. A Theory of Human Motivation. 2000. Classics in the History of Psychology. 20 July 2012 http//psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm.Frankl, Viktor. Mans Search for Meaning. Beacon Press,, 2006.Coleman, mob Kaii. Living by Bread Alone Mans Quest for the Good Life. iUniverse, 2008.Ndimunkum, Mike Tangunu. The Greatness of America. AuthorHouse, 2009.Harvard Womens Health Watch. Psychoanalysis Theory and treatment. Harvard Womens Health Watch (2006) 4-5.Ahmed, Sofe. Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory Oedipus complex A critical study with reference to D. H. Lawrences Sons and Lovers. Internal journal of English and literature (2012) 60-70.Frankl, Viktor. Mans Search for Meaning. Beacon Press,, 2006.Caldwell, Linda and Shela Mou. Integrating Social Science Eco brass Management A National Challenge. DIANE Publishing, 1997.Vivas, Eliseo. THE LEGACY OF SIGMUND FREUD. Kenyon Review (1989) 110-118.Gallinek, M.D. Alfred. The Lif e and Work of Sigmund Freud. (1964) 87-91.Explain the difference between positive and negative symptoms. How do these symptoms affect the functional outcomes and quality of life for individuals with schizophrenia?The conceptualization of focussing and schizophrenia along with their impact on mental and physical health of patients has gained significant importance. It is taken for granted(predicate) that the organisms are subjected to evolutionary pressures from the environment. The ability to respond to environmental nemesiss along with stressors has enhanced survival along with the physiological responses. Alzheimers disease responses to stressful situations can be the part of adaptive responses because the risks inherent in the situation (Harrell). therefore, the paper is discussing the conceptualization of stress and immunity regarding the stress and immunity on health of patients. These aspects are discussed in the context of the counseling part discussing the consequent im pacts on normal functioning abilities of patients.There are different studies contributing to the conceptualizing of Alzheimers disease as situations that can be considered as stressful. The taxonomy can be adopted to characterize the stressors, which has the advantage of differentiating the stressors on important dimensions namely duration and course. It further includes five categories of stressors. Acute time limited stressors involve laboratory related challenges such as public speaking (Cervantes and Castro). The brief naturalistic stressors involve a person confronting a real life challenge for short term period. In stressful event sequences, a focal event causes the emergence of a related sequential events and challenges. It is found that affected people do not know when these challenges will subside but they are aware of the fact that the challenges will subside in future.It can be said that the situation in which a luggage compartment perceives a threat, series of chemical and physical responses occur. The major response is the activation of the autonomic noisome system involving a part of the nervous system that is abnormally under control. The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system regulates the stress response while the relaxation response is controlled by parasympathetic nervous system (Hwang and Ting). The body secretes catecholamines helping in preparation of the person to fight or turn from the threat and run. The release of such hormones triggers the fight or flight response in patients. The increase in the chronic stress can affect the human body negatively as it can increase the risk for developing burden disease, asthma, arthritis, hypertension, migraine, and ulcers (Cervantes and Castro).According to experts panel report of Experimental biology 2004, it is identified that mechanisms as well as pathways through which the hormonal response to situations of schizophrenia influence functions of person social responses. These cha nges represent to have effects on susceptibility, onset and exacerbation of different mental as well as health diseases such as atherosclerotic, depression, multiple sclerosis and others. It is observed that stress makes interface in between endocrinal hormonal and the immune system active. However, if the perception of stress represents to lie for short-term basis hormonal alterations ultimately fade away (Eisenman, Bergner and Cohen).In reference to the cases when the stressful sensory input continues it initiates dysregulation of immune system, at the same time it tends to influence the production of distinctive soluble aspects that refers to have impacts on brain. Specifically these intense responses of clients kinda linked with enhanced vulnerability in order to create a clinically considerable depression in between chronic immune stimulation. There are number of stressful situations of patients that ultimately influence immune system of client such as divorce that preferably generate chronic stress. It is observe that stress immediately affects immune system as grabbling with swirl of different negatively influencing thoughts and emotions, as there is not a surprise if immune system of patient takes a abrupt nosedive.Disease generates profound impacts on biological functions of individual, it is due to the reason that central nervous system of human body is straightway associated with brain, spinal cord as well as closely functions with endocrine system that is responsible for hormonal distribution. In the similar way, stress also enhances chances of heart disease, causes blood pressure, chest pain and other heart related problems.In conclusion, there are also some other stress related issues other than heart disease that most of the depression patients represent these involves asthma, obesity, anxiety, diabetes, gastrointestinal issues, accelerated aging and most obvious is premature finale. While conducting analysis it is identified that the death rate it almost 63% of patients with persistent stress in comparison with normal (Berk). However, there are number of studies that denote that there are number of ways through which people can fight against stress such as deep breathing or reframing the situation can generate higher(prenominal) positive responses. In the similar way, stress also make patients crave for fats and carbohydrates that cause weight gain and rises risk of diabetes.BibliographyBerk, Jay H. Trauma and resilience during war A look at the children and humanitarian aid workers of Bosnia. Psychoanalytic Review 85.4 (1998) 639-65.David P,Eisenman and Sharone Bergner and Ilene Cohen. A model victim idealizing trauma wounds causes traumatic stress in person rights workers. Person Rights 4 Review (2000) 106-114.Cervantes, Richard C. and Felipe G. Castro. Stress, Coping, and Mexican American Mental Health A Systematic Review. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 7.1 (2003) 1-73.Hwang, Wei-Chin and Julia Y. Ting. D isaggregating the effects of acculturation and acculturative stress on the mental health of Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 14.2 (2008) 147-154.Harrell, Shelly P. A Multidimensional Conceptualization of Racism-Related Stress Implications for the Well-Being of pack of Color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70.1 (2000) 4257.

Essay --

Christopher Pace 3-11-14Research Paper Harriet Tubman was a woman who cared for early(a)s and she also was a hero to some(prenominal) blacks. She had an extremely hard life although it eventually got recrudesce for Harriet. She was a very(prenominal) lucky and intelligent girl. However, as a child growing up, she was small, slow and was picked on because of it. She was able to make storey even though she was a slave, and for a slave she held her own for a long time enduring beatings and whippings. In the life of Harriet Tubman, her childhood was the first obstacle and there were many to follow. She was born in 1820 into the hard life of slavery. Instead of her real name, she took her mothers name of Harriet. Her real name was Aramintia Harriet Ross and her nickname was Minty. Her childhood was hard having 8 siblings besides her. She had three sister s sold to plantations near Alabama. This was also hard because she was a Christian and was supposed to forgive people for wronging her. Harriet lived in Alabama which was a very hostile slave state in the s discoverh. She was also lucky to have two parents. Harriet Tubmans fathers name was Binate Ross and her mothers name was Harriet. She became the youngest after her younger brother died. She was a very rebellious girl and even started a rebellion by throwing a stone at the overseer, for which she was punished by getting whipped. Her consequences were getting whipped for hours on end. She had one very hard childhood and every night she had nightmares of the horrifying treatments she was given for doing something wrong out on the farms. She wasPace 2a tough girl becau... ...ved became fully bound citizens of the United States of America. The greatest known achievement for Harriet Tubman was her escape out of slavery. This gave other blacks courage and hopes to stand u p for each other too. Another achievement was when she was able to accept that her husband left her for another woman during her quest to except slaves. It took great courage to continue the work of freeing slaves after her husband married another woman. Harriet also earned the name of conductor of the great underpass Railroad. There were many achievements she had like getting married, escaping slavery, helping others through the Underground Railroad and teaching children. She made a huge mark in the history Pace 4of the United States and for black Americans. The main thing that she tried to accomplish during her life was to make the rest of the blacks free.

The Art of Decadence Essay -- Literary Analysis

In the late 19th century decadence was a tremendously popular theme in European literature. In addition, the degeneracy of the individual and society at large was represented in numerous contemporaneous works by Mann. In Death in Venice, the theme of decadence caused by aestheticism appears through Gustav von Achenbachs eccentric, specifically homoerotic, feelings towards a Polish boy named Tadzio. Although his feelings work from a sound source, the boys aesthetic beauty, Aschenbach becomes decadent in how excessively zealous his feelings are, and his obsession ultimately leads to his literal and existential destruction. This exemplifies how aestheticism is closely associate to, and indeed often the cause of decadence. Although the narrative is about more complexities, the authors use of such vivid descriptions suggest the physical, literal aspect of his report is just as important to the meaning of the story.The first and most obvious instance of aestheticism and decadence a s correlating themes in this story is the call, Death in Venice. By fore-grounding the name of the city in the title, Mann is highlighting the citys key role in the unfolding narrative. Mann aligns the word Venice with the word death in the title. This creates a relationship between these 2 words - the word death strongly infuses the word Venice with all its connotations. Death and decay are important ideas within the context of decadence. By shear nature the title relates the concepts of death and dying to the city of Venice, which implies that the location is where a death will occur. However, this is paralleled by the opening of the story when Mann drearily tells of Aschenbachs stroll through Munich. In the reading of this passage it ... ...ut to be the scene of a crowded, stifling city filled with cholera that eventually leads to his demise. Before this can occur however, he becomes internally decadent through his indulgence in Tadzios appearance. He then changes his appe arance to please his idol which in turn corrupts himself by turning him into the display case of decadent man he once despised. These themes of aestheticism and decadence, not in juxtaposition but in duality, are used frequently by Mann throughout the novella. whole caboodle CitedMann, Thomas, and Clayton Koelb. Death in Venice a new translation, backgrounds and contexts, criticism. New York W.W. Norton, 1994. Print.Ritters, Naoimi, and .Jeffrey B. Berlin. the Tradition of European Decadence. Approaches to teaching Manns Death in Venice and other short fiction. New York Modern style Association of America, 1992. 86-92. Print.